Dissolved Oxygen Requirements for Embryonic and Larval Development of the Hardshell Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development

Eggs and larvae of Mercenaria mercenaria were exposed to various levels of dissolved oxygen for varying time periods. Larval growth was normal in levels of dissolved oxygen at or above 4.2 mg/liter, but was essentially curtailed in levels at or below 2.4 mg/liter. Larvae survived extended exposures of 1 mg/liter, but showed little growth. Growth rates of larvae transferred to conditions of high dissolved oxygen after various periods of exposure to low dissolved oxygen became normal. Eggs developed normally at oxygen levels down to 0.5 mg/liter. One hundred percent mortality was experienced at 0.2 mg/liter.

The missing links: larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia D. Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shell Length ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Codium Fragile ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Algal Diet ◽  
Better Than

The stenophagous ascoglossan (=sacoglossan) opisthobranch Elysia viridis has long been a model organism for the study of endosymbiosis or kleptoplasty as well as one of the few herbivores to consume the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile on European shores. Larval and post-larval dynamics of the ascoglossan were investigated. Planktotrophic larvae of E. viridis grew at 5–10 μm d−1 (shell length) at 15°C on a unicellular algal diet (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas baltica); larvae became competent one month post-hatching. Effective feeding and chloroplast acquisition typically started within 2–3 d of metamorphosis. Slugs grew about 8 mm in the first month of post-larval life. During this period, juveniles held in the light did not grow faster or survive better than conspecifics held in the dark; thus, functional kleptoplasty did not occur during first three weeks of benthic life. While larval growth rates and the nature of metamorphic cues are consistent with those of many other opisthobranch species with planktotrophic larvae, measures of post-larval growth—particularly as it pertains to kleptoplasty—is a new contribution to opisthobranch biology.

Larval and Early Post-Larval Development of Arctica Islandica

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lutz ◽  
R. Mann ◽  
J. G. Goodsell ◽  
M. Castagna
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Arctica Islandica ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Rearing Techniques

Mature eggs were stripped from ripe adult specimens of Arctica islandica and exposed to a dilute solution of ammonium hydroxide for various lengths of time before addition of stripped sperm. Larval and early post-larval stages were cultured under experimental laboratory conditions using standard bivalve rearing techniques. Larval cultures were maintained at various controlled temperatures ranging from 8·5 to 14·5 °C. Minimum time to settlement was 32 days at a temperature of approximately 13 °C; at temperatures between 8·5 and 10·0 °C, settlement was not observed until approximately 55 days after fertilization. Larval growth rates were significantly faster at temperatures between 11·0 and 145 °C than at temperatures between 8°C. Morphometry of the larval shell and morphology of the larval hinge apparatus were independent of larval growth rates and experimental culture conditions.

scholarly journals Embryonic and larval development is conditioned by water temperature and maternal origin of eggs in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 452-463
Author(s):  
Jimena Pía-Fernández ◽  
Florencia Belén-Chaar ◽  
Lucía Epherra ◽  
Jorge-Marcelo González-Aravena ◽  
Tamara Rubilar
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development

Introduction: Embryonic and larval development in sea urchins is highly dependent on maternal nutritional status and on the environmental conditions of the seawater. Objective: To compare the development of Arbacia dufresnii in two different water temperatures and in progeny with varying maternal origins. Methods: We induced A. dufresnii females and males from Nuevo Gulf to spawn, collected the eggs of each female individually (progeny), separated them into two seawater temperatures (12 and 17 °C), and fertilized them. We recorded the percentage of fertilized eggs and embryos per developmental stage according to time, temperature and progeny. We measured larval growth by total length (TL) and midline body length (M) according to time post fecundation (DPF), temperature, and progeny. Results: Temperature did not affect fertilization, but embryo development was faster and more synchronized in the high temperature treatment. The generalized linear models indicate that embryo development depends on a quadruple interaction between the embryonic stage, time (h), seawater temperature and progeny. Larval growth was faster, producing larger larvae at the highest temperature. Larval growth depends on a triple interaction between time (DPF), seawater temperature and progeny. Conclusions: We found a temperature and progeny impact during embryonic and larval development and, in both cases, these factors generate a synergistic effect on developmental timing and larval size. This probably provides a survival advantage as a more rapid speed of development implies a decrease in the time spent in the water column, where the sea urchins are vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stressors.

Embryonic and larval development and segment formation in Ibla quadrivalivis Cuv. (Cirripedia).

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DT Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinity ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development

Embryonic development in I. quadrivalvis follows the typical cirripede pattern except for modifications of cleavage and of development of the gut, associated with a large yolky egg. The nauplius is free-swimming but lecithotrophic. It does not grow, and moults irregularly. The development of cypris features begins precociously and the second half of naupliar life is demersal. The cypris stage is unmodified. Settling was not observed. The maxillary segments develop as a delayed continuation of the naupliar segmental sequence, the thoracic segments from a growth zone of seven ectoteloblasts and eight mesoteloblasts. Each row of eight cells budded from the mesoteloblasts develops into the paired somites of a segment. The midgut develops independently of the yolk cells. In cirripedes, increased yolk results in modification of cleavage and gut development but otherwise has little influence on embryonic development. Larval modifications associated with lecithotrophy promote direct development of the cypris but do not include modification of the cypris. Irregularity of moulting is associated with lack of larval growth. Relative brood sizes suggest that increased yolk in cirripedes offers advantages in larval survival. Post-naupliar segment formation in cirripedes resembles in detail that of Malacostraca, indicating a possible phylogenetic affinity between Malacostraca and Maxillopoda which can be tested by further studies on segment formation in non- Malacostraca.

Larval and Early Post-Larval Development of Arctica Islandica

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lutz ◽  
R. Mann ◽  
J. G. Goodsell ◽  
M. Castagna
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Arctica Islandica ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Rearing Techniques

Mature eggs were stripped from ripe adult specimens of Arctica islandica and exposed to a dilute solution of ammonium hydroxide for various lengths of time before addition of stripped sperm. Larval and early post-larval stages were cultured under experimental laboratory conditions using standard bivalve rearing techniques. Larval cultures were maintained at various controlled temperatures ranging from 8·5 to 14·5 °C. Minimum time to settlement was 32 days at a temperature of approximately 13 °C; at temperatures between 8·5 and 10·0 °C, settlement was not observed until approximately 55 days after fertilization. Larval growth rates were significantly faster at temperatures between 11·0 and 145 °C than at temperatures between 8°C. Morphometry of the larval shell and morphology of the larval hinge apparatus were independent of larval growth rates and experimental culture conditions.

scholarly journals Short and long term consequences of larval stage exposure to constantly and ephemerally elevated carbon dioxide for marine bivalve populations

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 15901-15936
Author(s):  
C. J. Gobler ◽  
S. C. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Legacy Effect ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. While larval bivalves are highly sensitive to ocean acidification, the basis for this sensitivity and the longer term implications of this sensitivity are unclear. Experiments were performed to assess the short term (days) and long term (months) consequences of larval stage exposure to varying CO2 concentrations for calcifying bivalves. Higher CO2 concentrations depressed both calcification rates assessed using 45Ca uptake and RNA:DNA ratios in Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians larvae with RNA:DNA ratios being highly correlated with larval growth rates r2 > 0.9). These findings suggested that high CO2 has a cascading negative physiological impact on bivalve larvae stemming in part from lower calcification rates. Exposure to elevated CO2 during the first four days of larval development significantly depressed A. irradians larval survival rates, while a 10 day exposure later in larval development did not, demonstrating the extreme CO2-sensitivity of bivalve larvae during first days of development. Short- (weeks) and long-term (10 month) experiments revealed that individuals surviving exposure to high CO2 during larval development grew faster when exposed to normal CO2 as juveniles compared to individuals reared under ambient CO2 as larvae. These increased growth rates could not, however, overcome size differences established during larval development, as size deficits of individuals exposed to even moderate levels of CO2 as larvae were evident even after 10 months of growth under normal CO2 concentrations. This `legacy effect' emphasizes the central role larval stage CO2 exposure can play in shaping the success of modern day bivalve populations.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO DAN LARVA PADA DOMESTIKASI IKAN CUPANG (Betta rubra Perugia, 1893)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Asep Permana ◽  
Eni Kusrini ◽  
Agus Priyadi ◽  
Sawung Cindelaras
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development ◽  
Banda Aceh

Salah satu jenis ikan cupang alam yang menarik perhatian adalah cupang Betta rubra Perugia, 1893; yang merupakan jenis endemik dari perairan Banda Aceh. Status B. rubra di habitat aslinya sudah mulai sulit diperoleh sedangkan budidayanya belum berkembang. Oleh karena itu, informasi tentang embriogenesis dan perkembangan stadia awal ikan B. rubra sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung keberhasilan pengembangbiakannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui embriogenesis dan perkembangan larva ikan B. rubra. Telur dan larva yang digunakan berupa hasil pemijahan alami B. rubra di Balai Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias, Depok. Parameter yang diamati yaitu fase embriogenesis, perkembangan larva, dan benih ikan B. rubra. Pengamatan embriologi di mulai setelah ikan memijah sampai telur menetas, sedangkan perkembangan larva di mulai dari larva menetas sampai menjadi benih atau perkembangan telah sempurna. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari di bawah mikroskop binokuler Olympus SZX9 perbesaran 8-25 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan embrio telur B. rubra terjadi selama enam hari atau 144 jam hingga menetas menjadi larva pada suhu 27°C-28°C. Perkembangan embriogenesisnya yaitu hari pertama setelah memijah di mulai dengan pembelahan awal; hari kedua: blastula; hari ketiga: gastrula; hari keempat: pembentukan bakal kepala dan ekor; hari kelima: pembentukan ovtic vesicle dan notochorda; hari keenam: menetas. Perkembangan larva H-3—H-4 setelah menetas mata dan mulut mulai membuka; H-5—H-6: terbentuk anus dan kuning telur habis; H-7: peralihan pakan (indogeneous ke exsogeneous) dan metamorfosis terjadi 39 hari atau 936 jam setelah menetas.Betta rubra Perugia, 1983 is an endemic ornamental fish found in the swamp areas of Banda Aceh. Due to its appealing physical appearance, B. rubra wild population has been heavily exploited. Current aquaculture technology of the species is not yet available which implies an imminent threat to the conservation of this species. Therefore, the domestication the fish species is the first important step toward developing the aquaculture technology of the species which requires specific information on embryogenesis and the development of the early stadia B. rubra. This study aimed to determine embryogenesis and larval development of B. rubra. The eggs and larvae used from the natural spawning of B. rubra wild parents reared in the facility of the Ornamental Fish Cultivation Research Center, Depok, Indonesia. The parameters observed were the embryogenesis and early stages development of the fish from larvae to juvenile. Observation of embryogenesis started from eggs fertilization until hatching. The development of larvae was observed from post hatching until fully developed as fish juvenile. Embryonic and larval development were monitored daily using an Olympus SZX9 binocular microscope with 8x-25x magnification. The results showed that the embryogenesis of B. rubra lasted for six days or 144 hours until it hatched. The development stages of the embryogenesis after fertilization are as follow: division phase on the first day; blastula on the second day; gastrula on the third day; formation of heads and tails on the fourth day; formation of ovtic vesicles and notochordas on the fifth day; hatch on the sixth day. Larval development consists of: eyes and mouth begin to open at three to four days after hatching; anus is formed and the yolk is gone between the fifth and sixth days; intermediate feed (indogeneous to exsogeneous) at seventh day and metamorphosis at 39 days or 936 hours after hatching.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term consequences of larval stage exposure to constantly and ephemerally elevated carbon dioxide for marine bivalve populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2241-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gobler ◽  
S. C. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Legacy Effect ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

Abstract. While larval bivalves are highly sensitive to ocean acidification, the basis for this sensitivity and the longer-term implications of this sensitivity are unclear. Experiments were performed to assess the short-term (days) and long-term (months) consequences of larval stage exposure to varying CO2 concentrations for calcifying bivalves. Higher CO2 concentrations depressed both calcification rates assessed using 45Ca uptake and RNA : DNA ratios in Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians larvae with RNA : DNA ratios being highly correlated with larval growth rates (r2>0.9). These findings suggested that high CO2 has a cascading negative physiological impact on bivalve larvae stemming in part from lower calcification rates. Exposure to elevated CO2 during the first four days of larval development significantly depressed A. irradians larval survival rates, while a 10-day exposure later in larval development did not, demonstrating the extreme CO2 sensitivity of bivalve larvae during first days of development. Short- (weeks) and long-term (10 month) experiments revealed that individuals surviving exposure to high CO2 during larval development grew faster when exposed to normal CO2 as juveniles compared to individuals reared under ambient CO2 as larvae. These increased growth rates could not, however, overcome size differences established during larval development, as size deficits of individuals exposed to even moderate levels of CO2 as larvae were evident even after 10 months of growth under normal CO2 concentrations. This "legacy effect" emphasizes the central role larval stage CO2 exposure can play in shaping the success of modern-day bivalve populations.

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