Changes in the Blood of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure to Copper

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1883-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
G. M. Christensen ◽  
Evelyn P. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Blood Characteristics ◽  
Extended Exposure ◽  
Initial Blood

Seven blood characteristics — red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hc), hemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (Cl), plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino transferase), osmolarity (Os), and total protein (TP) — were measured in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that had been exposed to three concentrations (67.5–69.2, 38.2–39.0, and 22.8–24.0 μg/liter) of Cu(II) for 6 and 21 days. Concentrations of 67.5–69.2 and 38.2–39.0 μg/liter caused statistically significant increases in RBC, Hc (6-day only), Hb, PGOT, and TP (6-day only), whereas Cl and Os decreased during both exposure periods. Five blood characteristics (RBC, Hb, Hc, Cl, and PGOT) were also measured in brook trout, which were exposed for 337 days to Cu(II) concentrations of 32.5, 17.4, 9.5, 5.7, and 3.4 μg/liter. After this long-term exposure, no changes were observed in the blood except for a measurable decrease in PGOT values at 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter. The disappearance of initial blood changes, after extended exposure, suggests the transient nature of these early responses. Application of this study to the evaluation of the physical condition of fish and the possible long-range forecasting of reproductive success and survival of a species is discussed.

Some Short-term Indicators of Sublethal Effects of Copper on Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drummond ◽  
W. A. Spoor ◽  
G. F. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cough Frequency

Changes in cough frequency, locomotor activity, and feeding behavior of yearling brook trout appeared within 2–24 hr at copper concentrations as low as 6–15 μg/liter. Each of these responses appears to be useful for predicting the concentration range of copper likely to have no long-term effects on the species.

Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Sweka ◽  
Kyle J. Hartman ◽  
Jonathan M. Niles
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Stream Habitat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Habitat Manipulation ◽  
Central Appalachians

Abstract In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.

Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals Does Not Alter Phoneme Categories: II. Experimental Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 2343-2357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Núria Sebastián-Gallés ◽  
Fátima Vera-Constán ◽  
Johan P. Larsson ◽  
Albert Costa ◽  
Gustavo Deco
Keyword(s):  
Error Rates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Auditory Lexical Decision ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Phoneme Discrimination ◽  
Specific Prediction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Extended Exposure

When listening to modified speech, either naturally or artificially altered, the human perceptual system rapidly adapts to it. There is some debate about the nature of the mechanisms underlying this adaptation. Although some authors propose that listeners modify their prelexical representations, others assume changes at the lexical level. Recently, Larsson, Vera, Sebastian-Galles, and Deco [Lexical plasticity in early bilinguals does not alter phoneme categories: I. Neurodynamical modelling. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 76–94, 2008] proposed a biologically plausible computational model to account for some existing data, one which successfully modeled how long-term exposure to a dialect triggers the creation of new lexical entries. One specific prediction of the model was that prelexical (phoneme) representations should not be affected by dialectal exposure (as long as the listener is exposed to both standard and dialectal pronunciations). Here we present a series of experiments testing the predictions of the model. Native listeners of Catalan, with extended exposure to Spanish-accented Catalan, were tested on different auditory lexical decision tasks and phoneme discrimination tasks. Behavioral and electrophysiological recordings were obtained. The results supported the predictions of our model. On the one hand, both error rates and N400 measurements indicated the existence of alternative lexical entries for dialectal varieties. On the other hand, no evidence of alterations at the phoneme level, either in the behavioral discrimination task or in the electrophysiological measurement (MMN), could be detected. The results of the present study are compared with those obtained in short-term laboratory exposures in an attempt to provide an integrative account.

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acidf Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontimlis). 2. Vitellogenesss and Osmoregulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
J. R. Hockett ◽  
W. A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
All Treatment

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 193 d (previtellogenesis to spawning) to six combinations of acid, Al, and low Ca. Survival and growth were reduced by low pH combined with low Ca concentrations. After 41 d of exposure, fish in ail low pH exposures showed depressed plasma osmolality and Na concentrations, but by day 97 this apparent osmoregulatory stress was compensated for in all but the most severe treatment (pH 4.97, 47 μg inorganic Al/L, 0.5 mg Ca/L). At the observed peak of yolking (day 147), fish exposed to this treatment also had mean concentrations of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin, and Ca of only half control values. Fecundity (eggs per female) was significantly reduced as well, but this reduction was due in part to decreased growth. Despite these abnormalities in ionoregulatory and reproductive physiology, fish in all treatment conditions produced mature eggs. Among fish in stressful conditions, individual variation in growth and physiological parameters appeared to be correlated with osmoregulatory status. We hypothesize that the suite of physiological disturbances observed are linked to osmoregulatory impairment.

scholarly journals The Influence of Climate and Land Cover Change on Historical Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations in the Humber River, Rouge River, and Duffins Creek Watersheds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Cynthia Maher
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Humber River ◽  
Rouge River

Long-term records of the abundance of organisms are needed to detect more progressive changes in their populations as a result of external stressors. Long-term changes in historical Brook Trout

Nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the demise of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) in northern boreal lakes: stealthy, long-term patterns?

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Spens ◽  
Anders Alanärä ◽  
Lars-Ove Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Boreal Lakes ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

This study of 193 boreal lakes of northern Sweden suggests a long-term detrimental impact of introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Thirteen of 65 (20%) brown trout populations in lakes exposed to brook trout went extinct, whereas the extinction rate in unexposed lakes was significantly lower (2%). We verified other studies that indicate that altitude strongly affects the distribution of the two species; brown trout populations in our higher altitude lakes were more sensitive to impact from brook trout. In 28 lakes above 285 m, 12 trout populations exposed to brook trout went extinct, while only one population became extinct in 37 lakes below 285 m. No effects of other environmental factors were detected (e.g., water chemistry, stocking of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fish species community assembly, migration barriers, or lake morphometry on brown trout extinction). The time lag between the first record of brook trout introduction and subsequent extinction of brown trout was two decades on average (maximum 70 years). Even though further stocking of brook trout has been stopped, our analysis suggest that existing sympatric populations may continue to pose an extinction threat to brown trout.

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