Analysis of Ram Ventilation of Fish Gills with Application to Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1637-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton E. Brown ◽  
Barry S. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Hydrodynamic Analysis ◽  
Fish Gills ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Ram Ventilation

Some species of fish use "ram ventilation" to pass water over the gills while swimming. Hydrodynamic analysis provides estimates of the pressure losses as the water passes through the gill spaces, and of the resistance force that must be overcome by the swimming muscles. For a 44-cm skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), swimming at its basal speed of 66 cm/sec, the gill resistance is estimated to be 1090 dynes or 7% of the total swimming resistance. If oxygen consumption doubles, gill resistance increases to 27% of the total. The energetic cost of respiration lies between 1 and 3% of the total metabolism at basal swimming speed.

Effects of longitudinal body position and swimming speed on mechanical power of deep red muscle from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Syme ◽  
Robert E. Shadwick
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Work Loop

SUMMARY The mechanical power output of deep, red muscle from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) was studied to investigate (i) whether this muscle generates maximum power during cruise swimming, (ii) how the differences in strain experienced by red muscle at different axial body locations affect its performance and (iii) how swimming speed affects muscle work and power output. Red muscle was isolated from approximately mid-way through the deep wedge that lies next to the backbone; anterior (0.44 fork lengths, ANT) and posterior (0.70 fork lengths, POST) samples were studied. Work and power were measured at 25°C using the work loop technique. Stimulus phases and durations and muscle strains (±5.5 % in ANT and ±8 % in POST locations) experienced during cruise swimming at different speeds were obtained from previous studies and used during work loop recordings. In addition, stimulus conditions that maximized work were determined. The stimulus durations and phases yielding maximum work decreased with increasing cycle frequency (analogous to tail-beat frequency), were the same at both axial locations and were almost identical to those used by the fish during swimming, indicating that the muscle produces near-maximal work under most conditions in swimming fish. While muscle in the posterior region undergoes larger strain and thus produces more mass-specific power than muscle in the anterior region, when the longitudinal distribution of red muscle mass is considered, the anterior muscles appear to contribute approximately 40 % more total power. Mechanical work per length cycle was maximal at a cycle frequency of 2–3 Hz, dropping to near zero at 15 Hz and by 20–50 % at 1 Hz. Mechanical power was maximal at a cycle frequency of 5 Hz, dropping to near zero at 15 Hz. These fish typically cruise with tail-beat frequencies of 2.8–5.2 Hz, frequencies at which power from cyclic contractions of deep red muscles was 75–100 % maximal. At any given frequency over this range, power using stimulation conditions recorded from swimming fish averaged 93.4±1.65 % at ANT locations and 88.6±2.08 % at POST locations (means ± s.e.m., N=3–6) of the maximum using optimized conditions. When cycle frequency was held constant (4 Hz) and strain amplitude was increased, work and power increased similarly in muscles from both sample sites; work and power increased 2.5-fold when strain was elevated from ±2 to ±5.5 %, but increased by only approximately 12 % when strain was raised further from ±5.5 to ±8 %. Taken together, these data suggest that red muscle fibres along the entire body are used in a similar fashion to produce near-maximal mechanical power for propulsion during normal cruise swimming. Modelling suggests that the tail-beat frequency at which power is maximal (5 Hz) is very close to that used at the predicted maximum aerobic swimming speed (5.8 Hz) in these fish.

Cardiorespiratory responses of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) to acute reductions of ambient oxygen

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1857-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter. G. Bushnell ◽  
Richard W. Brill ◽  
Robert E. Bourke
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Bigeye Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Thunnus Obesus ◽  
Ambient Oxygen

Cardiorespiratory responses to acute reductions of ambient oxygen were measured in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Prevented from swimming by a spinal injection of lidocaine, fish were placed in seawater flowing at a velocity equivalent to their normal swimming speed. Ventilation volume [Formula: see text], heart rate, cardiac output, mouth gape, and inspired water and exhalant water oxygen partial pressures ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively) were simultaneously measured during periods of full oxygen saturation (normoxia) and brief (ca. 3–4 min) periods of reduced oxygen (hypoxia). During hypoxia, [Formula: see text] ranged from 140 to 50 mmHg. [Formula: see text] during normoxia was significantly different in skipjack, yellowfin, and bigeye tunas (6.7, 3.9, and 1.5 L∙min−1∙kg−1, respectively) and paralleled differences in oxygen consumption (740, 455, and 322 mg O2∙kg−1∙h−1). All three species were sensitive to [Formula: see text], and mild hypoxia [Formula: see text] elicited significant cardiorespiratory adjustments, including increased mouth gape and [Formula: see text] and reduced heart rate. Cardiac output was maintained until [Formula: see text] reached 95 mmHg, but at lower oxygen levels it too began to decrease. Therefore, the three tuna species studied appear as sensitive to hypoxia as other marine teleosts and show cardiorespiratory adjustments at [Formula: see text] values well above those eliciting swimming speed changes.

Impact of Diet on Metabolism and Swimming Performance in Juvenile Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
J. C. Howlett ◽  
T. E. Medland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Velocity Increments ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of similar size were fed one of three isocaloric diets, each differing in protein and lipid content. Oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured in a recirculating water flume at intervals throughout the 70-d feeding trials (10 °C). Swimming speed was increased by stepwise velocity increments (5 cm∙s−1) and oxygen consumption was measured at each velocity between 20 and 45 cm∙s−1. Oxygen consumption for a given speed did not differ significantly throughout the feeding trial nor among the diets implying a similarity in the quality and quantity of substrate catabolized for energy. Basal metabolism (0 cm∙s−1) was also independent of diet and feeding interval. Critical swimming speed increased with dietary and carcass protein content to suggest a direct association with muscle mass and number of myofilaments.

scholarly journals STATUS PERIKANAN HUHATE (POLE AND LINE) DI BITUNG, SULAWESI UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Nugraha ◽  
Enjah Rahmat
Keyword(s):  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Coryphaena Hippurus ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Status ◽  
Catch Composition ◽  
First Maturity

Tulisan ini menyajikan tentang status perikanan huhate di Bitung meliputi deskripsi unit penangkapan, daerah penangkapan, komposisi hasil tangkapan, catch per unit of effort, dan ukuran ikan pertama kali tertangkap. Data dikumpulkan selama tahun 2004 sampai dengan 2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa huhate yang terdapat di Bitung dioperasikan dengan kapal penangkapan yang terbuat dari kayu berukuran 50 sampai dengan 80 GT. Daerah penangkapan di sekitar lokasi rumpon di Laut Sulawesi dan Laut Maluku. Hasil tangkapan yang diperoleh terdiri atas cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis), madidihang (Thunnus albacares), baby tuna (Thunnus spp.), dan tongkol (Auxis spp.) serta hasil tangkapan sampingan yaitu lemadang (Coryphaena hippurus) dan sunglir (Elagatis bipinnulatus). Hasil analisis catch per unit of effort diperoleh bahwa nilai catch per unit of effort baby tuna (Thunnus spp.) mengalami kenaikan pada bulan Agustus 2004, dan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) mengalami kenaikan pada bulan September 2004. Hasil analisis terhadap ukuran pertama kali cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) tertangkap oleh huhate 49,3 FLcm. Ukuran ini lebih panjang dibandingkan ukuran pertama kali cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) matang gonad. Sedangkan hasil analisis terhadap ukuran pertama kali madidihang (Thunnus albacares) tertangkap oleh huhate 51,6 FLcm. Ukuran ini lebih pendek dibandingkan ukuran pertama kali madidihang (Thunnus albacares) matang gonad. This paper presents the status of pole and line fishery in Bitung of North Sulawesi, consisting of description of fishing gear, fishing ground, catch composition, catch per unit of effort, and length at first capture. Data were collected during the period of 2004 until 2005. Results show that the pole and line in Bitung operated by wooden vessels of 50 until 80 GT. The fishing grounds were the waters around FADs location in Sulawesi Sea and Maluku Sea. Catch composition consists of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares), baby tuna (Thunnus spp.), and frigate tuna (Auxis spp.), while the bycatch consisted of dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulatus). Catch per unit of effort analysis shows that catch per unit of effort value of baby tuna (Thunnus spp.) increased on August 2004, whereas catch per unit of effort value of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) increased on September 2004. The length at first capture of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) was 49,3 FLcm. The catch size was bigger than the length at first maturity for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). The length at first capture of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was 51,6 FLcm. This catch size was smaller than the length at first maturity for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares).

scholarly journals ANALISIS ISI LAMBUNG IKAN CAKALANG (Katsuwonus pelamis) DAN IKAN MADIDIHANG (Thunnus albacares) YANG DIDARATKAN DI BITUNG, SULAWESI UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Siti Mardlijah
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Stomach Content ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Dietary Composition ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
North Sulawesi

Penelitian ini telah dilakukan terhadap isi lambung ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) hasil tangkapan pole and line dan ikan madidihang (Thunnus albacares) hasil tangkapan hand line yang didaratkan di Bitung, Sulawesi Utara pada bulan Mei, Juli, dan September 2005. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis makanan ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dan ikan madidihang (Thunnus albacares). Contoh ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) berjumlah 69 ekor dan contoh ikan madidihang (Thunnus albacares) berjumlah 63 ekor. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan di perusahaan perikanan dan tempat pengasapan atau fufu cakalang. Pengamatan dilakukan secara visual dan gravimetrik kemudian dianalisis dengan metode indeks of preponderance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi makanan ke-2 jenis ikan pelagis besar tersebut berubah-ubah dan memiliki kemiripan terhadap 1 jenis makanan yaitu ikan malalugis (Decapterus macarellus), yang merupakan makanan utama ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dan ikan madidihang (Thunnus albacares). Stomach content analysis of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) which was caught by pole and line and yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught by hand line, landed in Bitung, North Sulawesi i May, July, and September 2005 were conducted. The objective of the experiment is to know dietary composition of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The number of specimen observed 69 of skipjack tunas (Katsuwonus pelamis) and 63 of yellow fin tunas (Thunnus albacares). Sampling site were located in fishery company and at a small scale fish smoked industry. Stomach content analysis of the two fishes were observed visually measured and gravimetrically. The stomach content analysis was analysed based on indeks of preponderance) method. Result shows, the stomach content of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) related changes and similar among one species are scad mackerel fishes (Decapterus macarellus). Therefore, scad mackerel fishes (Decapterus macarellus) is the dominant food for both skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares).

scholarly journals Inventory of Gastrointestinal Endoparasitic Worms of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Sibolga Waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Yusni ◽  
Raihan Uliya
Keyword(s):  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Total Magnification

of endoparasitic worms in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Sibolga Waters. Sampling conducted in Debora Private Fishing Port, Sibolga for 20 fishes that object weighing 740 – 1200 gr and length within 37,2 – 41,4 cm. The identification process is carried out in the laboratory using a microscope 40x and 100x total magnification. The endoparasitic worms found are Echinorhynchus sp. (100% intestinal and 10% stomach insidences, 8,6 intensities), Acanthocephalus sp. (25% Intestinal insidences, 1,6 intensities), Rhadinorhynchus sp. (25% intestinal and 5% stomach insidences, 1,5 intensities), Leptorhynchoides sp. (25% intestinal insidences, 1 intensity), Neoechinorhynchus sp. (25% intestinal insidences, 1,4 intensities), Pomphorhynchus sp. (10% intestinal insidences, 1,5 intensities), and Apororhynchus sp. (10% intestinal insidences, 1 intensity).

scholarly journals Heat increment of feeding in Brunnich's guillemot

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hawkins ◽  
P Butler ◽  
A Woakes ◽  
G Gabrielsen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Persistent Elevation

The rate of oxygen consumption (O2), respiratory quotient (RQ) and deep body temperature (TB) were recorded during a single, voluntary ingestion of Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (mean mass 18.9+/-1.1 g, s.e.m., N=13) by five postabsorptive Brunnich's guillemots (thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia). The birds were resting in air within their thermoneutral zone, and the fish were refrigerated to 0-2 degreesC. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by a factor of 1.4 during the first few minutes after ingestion, but there was no significant change in TB. Mean rate of oxygen consumption returned to preingestive levels 85 min after the birds ate the fish. The telemetered temperature of one fish reached TB within 20 min. This suggests that the persistent elevation in O2 over the next hour corresponded to the obligatory component of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) and was not related to heating the fish. Abdominal temperature increases after diving bouts in free-ranging common guillemots (common murre, Uria aalge) are possibly achieved through the HIF, since meals are processed at sea. Of the increase in O2 measured in the laboratory, it is calculated that 30 % is required to heat the fish, while 70 % is due to the HIF. In free-ranging birds, the excess heat provided by the HIF could contribute 6 % of the daily energy expenditure. This suggests that the HIF augments heat production in Uria spp. and thus reduces the energetic cost of thermoregulation.

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