In Vivo Assimilation by Cod Muscle and Liver Tissue of Elemental Phosphorus from Polluted Sea Water

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dyer ◽  
D. F. Hiltz ◽  
R. G. Ackman ◽  
J. Hingley ◽  
G. L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Content Distribution ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Elemental Phosphorus ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Seawater Environment ◽  
Exposure Levels

Cod rapidly assimilated elemental phosphorus from a seawater environment into their tissues. In a 16-hr exposure to a concentration of 20–80 ppb (parts per billion), phosphorus was concentrated a thousandfold in the liver (even more at lower exposure levels), from 10 to 25 times in white muscle, and about 50–100 times in red muscle. This distribution is roughly in proportion to lipid content. Distribution of the absorbed phosphorus is uniform throughout the white muscle of the fillet, thus facilitating sampling.

Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases phosphodiesterase activity in the rat heart

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1225-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren K. Palmer ◽  
Sylvia Doukas
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Injection Protocol ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Increased Activity

The influence of increasing the in vivo concentration of cyclic AMP on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) in rat heart was investigated. One, three, and five hourly injections of 5.0 mg dibutyryl (Bt2) cyclic AMP significantly increased the activity of PDE in the supernatant fraction of rat heart using 1.0 μM cyclic AMP as the assay substrate concentration. When 100 μM cyclic AMP was used in the assay reaction, increases in enzymes activity were seen following five and eight nucleotide injections. The nucleotide-induced increase in PDE activity was dose dependent. When the five-injection protocol was used, PDE activity remained elevated for at least 4 h, while activity had returned to control levels within this time when two hourly injections were used. The nucleotide stimulation of PDE activity was blocked by cycloheximide. Five hourly infections of Bt2 cyclic AMP increased PDE activity in the liver and fast-twitch red muscle. A reduction in PDE activity in fast-twitch white muscle was seen following nucleotide injections. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged elevations in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP cause an elevation in myocardial PDE activity. The increased activity seems to be the result of protein synthesis. These data suggest that cyclic AMP contributes significantly in regulating its own metabolism in the rat heart.

Physiological regulation of the expression of a GLUT4 homolog in fish skeletal muscle

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (1) ◽  
pp. E44-E49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Capilla ◽  
Mònica Dı́az ◽  
Joaquim Gutiérrez ◽  
Josep V. Planas
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
High Sequence Homology ◽  
Trout Muscle

We have recently cloned a glucose transporter from brown trout muscle (btGLUT) with high sequence homology to mammalian GLUT4 that is predominantly expressed in red and white skeletal muscle, the two major sites of glucose uptake in trout. To study the physiological regulation of this putative fish GLUT4, we have investigated the expression of btGLUT in red and white skeletal muscle of trout in which blood insulin levels have been altered experimentally. The expression of btGLUT in red muscle increased significantly when insulin plasma levels were elevated by either insulin or arginine treatment and decreased significantly when insulin plasma levels were reduced either by fasting or by feeding a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet. In contrast, the expression of btGLUT in white muscle was not affected by changes in the plasma levels of insulin. These results strongly suggest that insulin could be regulating the expression of btGLUT in trout red muscle in vivo and set the ground to test the hypothesis that btGLUT may be considered a GLUT4 homolog in fish.

scholarly journals SGK1 Inhibits Autophagy in Murine Muscle Tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresia Zuleger ◽  
Julia Heinzelbecker ◽  
Zsuzsanna Takacs ◽  
Catherine Hunter ◽  
Jakob Voelkl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Autophagic Degradation

Background/Aims. As autophagy is linked to several pathological conditions, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, it is crucial to understand its regulatory signaling network. In this study, we investigated the role of the serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1) in the control of autophagy. Methods. To measure autophagic activity in vivo, we quantified the abundance of the autophagy conjugates LC3-PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) and ATG12-ATG5 in tissue extracts of SGK1 wild-type (Sgk1+/+) and knockout (Sgk1−/−) mice that were either fed or starved for 24 h prior sacrifice. In vitro, we targeted SGK1 by RNAi using GFP-WIPI1 expressing U-2 OS cells to quantify the numbers of cells displaying newly formed autophagosomes. In parallel, these cells were also assessed with regard to LC3 and ULK1 by quantitative Western blotting. Results. The abundance of both LC3-PE (LC3-II) and ATG12-ATG5 was significantly increased in red muscle tissues of SGK1 knockout mice. This was found in particular in fed conditions, suggesting that SGK1 may keep basal autophagy under control in red muscle in vivo. Under starved conditions, significant differences were observed in SGK1-deficient white muscle tissue and, under fed conditions, also in the liver. In vitro, we found that SGK1 silencing provoked a significant increase of cells displaying WIPI1-positive autophagosomes and autophagosomal LC3 (LC3-II). Moreover, autophagic flux assessments revealed that autophagic degradation significantly increased in the absence of SGK1, strongly suggesting that SGK1 inhibits both autophagosome formation and autophagic degradation in vitro. In addition, more ULK1 protein lacking the inhibitory, TORC1-specific phosphorylation at serine 758 was detected in the absence of SGK1. Conclusions. Combined, our data strongly support the idea that SGK1 inhibits the process of autophagy. Mechanistically, our data suggest that SGK1 should act upstream of ULK1 in regulating autophagy, and we hypothesize that SGK1 contributes to the regulation of ULK1 gene expression.

The Role of Physico-Chemical Buffering and of Bicarbonate Transfer Processes in Intracellular pH Regulation in Response to Changes of Temperature in the Larger Spotted Dogfish (Scyliorhinus Stellaris)

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
N. HEISLER ◽  
P. NEUMANN
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Intracellular Compartments

In order to evaluate the contributions of physico-chemical buffering to the adjustment of intracellular pH in response to changes of temperature in tissues of dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris), the CO2 equilibration method for the determination of intracellular buffer values was modified to yield data for the mathematical simulation of the intracellular compartments as closed buffer systems, and for the calculation of transmembrane bicarbonate transfer in vivo. The respective buffer values of imidazole-like and phosphate-like buffer substances were estimated to be about 39 and 11 in white muscle, 21 and 18 in red muscle and 27 and 10 mequiv/(pH.1 cell water) in heart muscle. In white muscle, the observed changes of intracellular pH can be explained by physico-chemical buffering and changes of PCO2. In red muscle and heart muscle considerable amounts of bicarbonate have additionally to be transferred across the cell membrane to achieve the temperature-dependent variations of pH observed in vivo.

Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria of red and white skeletal muscle

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yolanda Alvarado Rigault ◽  
M. C. Blanchaer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Muscle Types

Mitochondria from red and white skeletal muscle of the rabbit were compared polarographically with pyruvate–malate, α-glycerophosphate, and NADH as substrates. With pyruvate–malate, the organelles from the two muscle types did not differ in O2 uptake rate ([Formula: see text] mitochondrial protein per minute at 28°) or in ADP/O ratios [Formula: see text]. However, the respiratory control ratios (r.c.r.) were significantly higher in white than in red muscle mitochondria: 5.5 ± 0.3 versus 4.4 ± 0.2 (mean ± s.e.), respectively. The respiration of the white muscle mitochondria with α-glycerophosphate was similar to that with pyruvate–malate and exhibited ADP/O and r.c.r. values of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 3.0 ± 0.1, respectively. The corresponding values for red muscle mitochondria were all lower with this substrate. The organelles from both tissues were uncoupled with NADH as substrate and yielded O2 rates of less than 5% of those with pyruvate–malate.Assuming that the in vivo permeability characteristics of the organelles resemble those described above, it can be calculated that direct penetration of glycolytically generated NADH into the mitochondria would probably be too slow for its reoxidation to occur in either muscle type at a rate compatible with aerobic carbohydrate utilization. However, the intramitochondrial portion of the α-glycerophosphate shuttle has the capacity to transport reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain at the required rate. It is as yet uncertain whether it shares this role with a malate–oxaloacetate shuttle.

Measurement of Lipid Content in Gallbladder Bile Using in- and opposed-phase MR Images and in vivo Proton MR Spectroscopy

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Sun Jin Hur ◽  
Seok Hwan Shin ◽  
Geum Nan Jee ◽  
Eun Joo Yun ◽  
Soon Gu Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Mr Spectroscopy ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Proton Mr Spectroscopy

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria to Control Vibriosis Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mulyati Mulyati ◽  
Suryati Suryati ◽  
Irfani Baga
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Portunid Crab

The study aims to isolate, characterize, and examine probiotic bacteria's inhibitory ability against Vibrio harveyi bacteria, both in-vitro and in vivo. Methods used in the study consist of 1) An Isolation of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 2) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria in vitro, 3) An Identification of Bacteria, 4) A Pathogenicity Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria, 5) An Antagonistic Test of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria against V. harveyi in vivo. According to the isolation of candidate probiotic bacteria, there are 18 isolated candidate probiotic. After being tested for its inhibitory ability in vitro, there are 8 isolates with zone of inhibition as follows: isolate MM 7 from intestine (22 mm), isolate MM 6 from intestine (12 mm), isolate MM 10 from sea water (10 mm), isolate MM 5 from intestine (9 mm), isolate MM 4 from intestine (8 mm), isolate MM 3 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.2 from intestine (7 mm), isolate MM 2.1 from intestine (7 mm). Eight genera of the candidate probiotic bacteria is derived from Portunid crab, they are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, bacillus, vibrio, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus, micrococcus. Before proceeding the V. harveyi bacterial challenge test in vivo, three potential isolates consisting of MM6, MM7 and MM10 as the probiotic bacteria are pathogenicity-tested against V. harveyi. The survival rate of Portunid crab on pathogenicity test using MM6, MM7 and MM10 generates 91.11-100%, while the control generates 100% survival rate. Variance analysis result through post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 95% confidence interval indicates that isolate MM7 and MM10 are significantly able to increase hatchling Portunid crab's survival rate.

In vitro and in vivo study of the enhancement of carotenoid bioavailability in vegetables using excipient nanoemulsions: Impact of lipid content

2021 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 110162
Author(s):  
Kangfei Yao ◽  
David Julian McClements ◽  
Chang Yan ◽  
Jie Xiao ◽  
Han Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
In Vivo Study

scholarly journals Harnessing PET to track micro- and nanoplastics in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Keinänen ◽  
Eric J. Dayts ◽  
Cindy Rodriguez ◽  
Samantha M. Sarrett ◽  
James M. Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Biodistribution Studies ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Behavior

AbstractThe proliferation of plastics in the environment continues at an alarming rate. Plastic particles have been found to be persistent and ubiquitous pollutants in a variety of environments, including sea water, fresh water, soil, and air. In light of this phenomenon, the scientific and medical communities have become increasingly wary of the dangers posed to human health by chronic exposure to microplastics (< 5 mm diameter) and nanoplastics (< 100 nm diameter). A critical component of the study of the health effects of these pollutants is the accurate determination of their pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo. Herein, we report the first use of molecular imaging to track polystyrene (PS) micro- and nanoplastic particles in mammals. To this end, we have modified PS particles of several sizes—diameters of 20 nm, 220 nm, 1 µm, and 6 µm—with the chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) and radiolabeled these DFO-bearing particles with the positron-emitting radiometal zirconium-89 (89Zr; t1/2 ~ 3.3 d). Subsequently, positron emission tomography (PET) was used to visualize the biodistribution of these radioplastics in C57BL/6J mice at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after ingestion. The imaging data reveal that the majority of the radioplastics remain in the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated through the feces by 48 h post-ingestion, a result reinforced by acute biodistribution studies. Ultimately, this work suggests that nuclear imaging—and PET in particular—can be a sensitive and effective tool in the urgent and rapidly growing effort to study the in vivo behavior and potential toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics.

Metabolic biochemistry of water- vs. air-breathing fishes: muscle enzymes and ultrastructure

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka ◽  
M. Guppy ◽  
H. E. Guderley ◽  
K. B. Storey ◽  
W. C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Phosphofructokinase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Biochemistry ◽  
Myotomal Muscle

To delineate what modifications in muscle metabolic biochemistry correlate with transition to air breathing in fishes, the myotomal muscles of aruana, an obligate water breather, and Arapaima, a related obligate air breather, were compared using electron microscopy and enzyme methods. White muscle in both species maintained a rather similar ultrastructure, characterized by large-diameter fibers, very few mitochondria, and few capillaries. However, aruana white muscle displayed nearly fivefold higher levels of pyruvate kinase, threefold higher levels of muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase, and a fourfold higher ratio of fructose diphosphatase –phosphofructokinase activity; at the same time, enzymes in aerobic metabolism occurred at about one-half the levels in Arapaima. Red muscle was never found in the myotomal mass of aruana, but in Arapaima, red muscle was present and seemed fueled by glycogen, lipid droplets never being observed. From these and other data, it was concluded that in myotomal muscle two processes correlate with the transition to air breathing in Amazon osteoglossids: firstly, an emphasis in oxidative metabolism, and secondly, a retention of red muscle. However, compared with more active water-breathing species, Arapaima sustains an overall dampening of enzyme activities in its myotomal muscle, which because of the large myotome mass explains why its overall metabolic rate is relatively low. By keeping the oxidative capacity of its myotomal muscle low, Arapaima automatically conserves O2 either for a longer time or for other more O2-requiring organs in the body, a perfectly understandable strategy for an air-breathing, diving fish, comparable with that observed in other diving vertebrates. A similar comparison was also made of two erythrinid fishes, one that skimmed the O2-rich surface layers of water and one that obtained three quarters of its O2 from water, one quarter from air. Ultrastructural and enzyme data led to the unexpected conclusion that the surface skimmer sustained a higher oxidative capacity in its myotomal muscles than did the facultative air breather.

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