World Distribution of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1699-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon ◽  
J. Scott Campbell
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
World Distribution

During the past century, the endemic range of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), has been extended to include western North America and the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Water temperature appears to be the most important single factor limiting the geographic range, but adequate precipitation and suitable spawning areas are necessary also for the establishment of self-sustaining populations. It is improbable that, with the possible exception of Asia, the present range of the brook trout will be greatly extended through further attempts at introduction.

Groundwater and the selection of spawning sites by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1733-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Allen Curry ◽  
David L. G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Spawning Site ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spawning Sites

Spawning areas selected by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) displayed variable relationships to discharging groundwater across geologic regions. In Canadian Shield waters, spawning was associated with areas of distinct, discharging groundwater. The specific mechanism of selection could not be determined. Groundwater did not appear to influence the selection of individual redd sites within these discharge areas. Competition among females for the opportunity to spawn in a limited area defined by the discharging groundwater appeared to control the selection of redd sites. In southwestern Ontario streams, discharging groundwater was prominent throughout areas of spawning both at redds and at adjacent, nonspawning substrates (≤7 m). Consequently, relationships between groundwater and spawning site selection were ambiguous. On the unglaciated plateau of central Pennsylvania, no groundwater was observed in redds or nonspawning substrates in streams. Brook trout management programmes must consider these groundwater relationships and therefore the impact of land use on groundwater quality and quantity.

Differences in sexual maturity and fall emigration between diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in an Adirondack lake

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1808-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Warrillow ◽  
D C Josephson ◽  
W D Youngs ◽  
C C Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Diploid Males ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Adirondack Lakes ◽  
Triploid Fish

High levels of emigration coincident with maturity and spawning have been reported from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations in Adirondack lakes. These lakes typically had few spawning areas and required stocking to maintain populations. We compared diploid and triploid brook trout to identify differences in gonadal development and emigration. Age 1 + and 2 + diploid and triploid brook trout held in captivity were examined internally for gonadal development. More diploid trout were mature than triploid fish (p < 0.01). Of triploid brook trout that matured, all were males. Yearling diploid and triploid brook trout were also stocked into a lake that had an outlet but no spawning areas. During the fall spawning season, only mature yearling triploid males, diploid males, and diploid females were caught in an outlet trap. No triploid females were caught. A greater proportion of diploids emigrated than triploids (p < 0.01). Triploidy in females arrested emigration by preventing sexual maturation. Triploid male brook trout should not be stocked because they can pose a reproductive risk to wild brook trout downstream from lakes. Stocking triploid females could reducefall emigration and thus reduce the loss of catchable brook trout from Adirondack lakes with outlets and little spawning habitat.

Biochemical and Serological Characteristics of Ontario Isolates of Yersinia ruckeri

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. W. Stevenson ◽  
J. G. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Coregonus Artedii

During testing hatchery and wild fish from Ontario sources, we isolated bacteria that had sufficient characteristics in common with Yersinia ruckeri to suggest they were strains of this organism. Three isolates from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and cisco (Coregonus artedii) biochemically resembled the sorbitol-fermenting Serovar II strain of Y. ruckeri, but gave cross reactions with antiserum to the Hagerman strain, Serovar I. A fourth isolate from brown trout (Salmo trutta) appeared to be different from the three previously described serovars. A fifth isolate previously obtained from muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) intestine biochemically and serologically corresponded to the Hagerman serovar. We suggest that the geographic range of Y. ruckeri and variations in its biochemical and serological properties are greater than previously believed. These findings are of significance in diagnosis and regulation of enteric redmouth disease of salmonids.Key words: Yersinia ruckeri, enteric redmouth, ERM, bacterial disease, fish health protection

World Distribution of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis: Further Observations

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon ◽  
Barra L. Gots ◽  
J. Scott Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Present World ◽  
World Distribution

This note supplements the original paper by MacCrimmon and Campbell (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 26: 1699–1725, 1969) by presenting additional information on the native range, attempted introductions, and present world distribution of the brook trout.

Similar Holocene glaciation histories in tropical South America and Africa

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Vickers ◽  
Jeremy D. Shakun ◽  
Brent M. Goehring ◽  
Andrew Gorin, ◽  
Meredith A. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Tropical Glaciers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
Quelccaya Ice Cap ◽  
The Tropics

Tropical glaciers have retreated alongside warming temperatures over the past century, yet the way in which these trends fit into a long-term geological context is largely unclear. Here, we present reconstructions of Holocene glacier extents relative to today from the Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) and the Rwenzori Mountains (Uganda) based on measurements of in situ14C and 10Be from recently exposed bedrock. Ice-extent histories are similar at both sites and suggest that ice was generally smaller than today during the first half of the Holocene and larger than today for most, if not all, of the past several millennia. The similar glaciation history in South America and Africa suggests that large-scale warming followed by cooling of the tropics during the late Holocene primarily drove ice extent, rather than regional changes in precipitation. Our results also imply that recent tropical ice retreat is anomalous in a multimillennial context.

Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) in the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy G. Westbrooks ◽  
Gene Cross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Serrated tussock [(Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. # STDTR] is a clump-forming, perennial, cool season grass. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. In the past century, it has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, and also occurs in small acreages in France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Serrated tussock occurs in fields, wastelands, and pastures, but rarely in wet or shaded areas.

World Distribution of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2527-2548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon ◽  
T. L. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Past Century ◽  
North African ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
World Distribution

During the past century the Eurasian and North African range of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., has been extended to include discontinuous populations on all continents except Antarctica. Primary factors affecting the establishment of naturalized populations are water temperature, precipitation, and suitable spawning grounds. Any future major expansion in the world distribution of the brown trout, with the possible exception of Asia, is unlikely.

scholarly journals An examination of species limits in theAulacorhynchus“prasinus” toucanet complex (Aves: Ramphastidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Winker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
South America ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Species Limits ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Past

The number of species recognized inAulacorhynchustoucanets has varied tremendously over the past century. Revisors seem to disagree on whether head and bill coloration are useful indicators of species limits, especially in theA.“prasinus” complex. Using morphometrics, I tested the hypothesis that the major color-based subspecific groups ofA.“prasinus”sensu latoare simply “cookie-cutter” (i.e., morphologically nearly identical) toucanets with different head and bill colorations. Univariate and multivariate analyses show that they are not simply morphological replicates of different colors: a complex array of morphometric similarities and dissimilarities occur between the major subspecific groups, and these variations differ between the sexes. Latitude and longitude had a small but significant association with female (but not male) PC1 and PC2. Hybridization and intergradation were also considered using plumage and bill characters as a surrogate to infer gene flow. Hybridization as indicated by phenotype appears to be substantial betweenA. “p.” cyanolaemusandA. “p.” atrogularisand nonexistent between other major groups, although from genetic evidence it is likely rare betweenA. “p.” albivittaandA. “p.” cyanolaemus. The congruence and complexities of the morphological and color changes occurring among these groups suggest that ecological adaptation (through natural selection) and social selection have co-occurred among these groups and that species limits are involved. Further, hybridization is not evident at key places, despite in many cases (hypothetical) opportunity for gene flow. Consequently, I recommend that this complex be recognized as comprising five biological species:A. wagleri, prasinus, caeruleogularis, albivitta,andatrogularis. Four of these also have valid subspecies within them, and additional work may eventually support elevation of some of these subspecies to full species. Species limits in South America especially need more study.

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document