Some Morphological and Biochemical Changes in Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, During Parr–Smolt Transformation

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2403-2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Vanstone ◽  
J. R. Markert
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Least Square Fit

Growth rates and changes in some chemical constituents were investigated in laboratory-reared and wild coho salmon in the pre-smolt, smolting, and early post-smolt stages of their life cycles.Laboratory-reared pre-smolts of coho salmon continued to grow during fall and early winter but at an ever diminishing rate. During late winter, spring, and early summer, growth in both length and weight of these fish was exponential with time. In wild coho pre-smolts there was no apparent winter growth but, with the onset of warmer waters and longer day lengths in the spring, growth in both length and weight became exponential with time. Exponential growth continued in wild post-smolts held in seawater pens but at a slower rate than during smolting.It is postulated that the power b in the weight–length formula W = aLb is approximately 3.2 and that during smolting, when the fish are becoming more streamlined, the parameter a decreases from approximately 7.5 to about 6.2.Guanine levels in belly skin, which appeared to be related to lighting conditions and physiological state of the fish rather than to length or weight, increased during smolting to about 6 μg/mm2 skin and remained at these levels.In pre-smolt laboratory-reared fish total lipid increased with increasing growth. With further weight increases during exponential growth, the weight of lipid remained relatively constant and the amount of lipid per unit weight decreased. A decrease in percent lipid did not occur in wild fish.Total moisture, dry material, and nitrogen were linearly related to weight in the size-range investigated, but a sharp inflection in each least-square fit line occurred for moisture and dry material at a fish weight of 15 g and for total nitrogen at 7.5 g. These shifts in composition were related to fish size rather than to age, environment, or physiological state. During exponential growth, moisture, dry material, and nitrogen increased with increasing weight but whereas moisture increased at a slower rate than weight, solids and nitrogen increased more rapidly.

Least-square refinement of structure parameters from CBED integrated intensities: application to determination of temperature factors in Y BA2CU3O7

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1456-1457
Author(s):  
Kjersti Gjønnes ◽  
Jon Gjønnes
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Accurate Temperature ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
Case Application ◽  
Integrated Intensities ◽  
Temperature Factors ◽  
Narrow Bands

Electron diffraction intensities can be obtained at large scattering angles (sinθ/λ ≥ 2.0), and thus structure information can be collected in regions of reciprocal space that are not accessable with other diffraction methods. LACBED intensities in this range can be utilized for determination of accurate temperature factors or for refinement of coordinates. Such high index reflections can usually be treated kinematically or as a pertubed two-beam case. Application to Y Ba2Cu3O7 shows that a least square refinememt based on integrated intensities can determine temperature factors or coordinates.LACBED patterns taken in the (00l) systematic row show an easily recognisable pattern of narrow bands from reflections in the range 15 < l < 40 (figure 1). Integrated intensities obtained from measured intensity profiles after subtraction of inelastic background (figure 2) were used in the least square fit for determination of temperature factors and refinement of z-coordinates for the Ba- and Cu-atoms.

Array design

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-991
Author(s):  
Richard A. Haubrich
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Array Design ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Of Points ◽  
Array Output

abstract Arrays of detectors placed at discrete points are often used in problems requiring high resolution in wave number for a limited number of detectors. The resolution performance of an array depends on the positions of detectors as well as the data processing of the array output. The performance can be expressed in terms of the “spectrum window”. Spectrum windows may be designed by a general least-square fit procedure. An alternate approach is to design the array to obtain the largest uniformly spaced coarray, the set of points which includes all the difference spacings of the array. Some designs obtained from the two methods are given and compared.

scholarly journals Semi-Analytic Evaluation of 1, 2 and 3-Electron Coulomb Integrals with Gaussian Expansion of Distance Operators W= RC1-nRD1-M, RC1-Nr12-M, R12-Nr13-M

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandor Kristyan
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Function ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Coulomb Integrals

The equations derived help to evaluate semi-analytically (mostly for k=1,2 or 3) the important Coulomb integrals Int rho(r1)…rho(rk) W(r1,…,rk) dr1…drk, where the one-electron density, rho(r1), is a linear combination (LC) of Gaussian functions of position vector variable r1. It is capable to describe the electron clouds in molecules, solids or any media/ensemble of materials, weight W is the distance operator indicated in the title. R stands for nucleus-electron and r for electron-electron distances. The n=m=0 case is trivial, the (n,m)=(1,0) and (0,1) cases, for which analytical expressions are well known, are widely used in the practice of computation chemistry (CC) or physics, and analytical expressions are also known for the cases n,m=0,1,2. The rest of the cases – mainly with any real (integer, non-integer, positive or negative) n and m - needs evaluation. We base this on the Gaussian expansion of |r|^-u, of which only the u=1 is the physical Coulomb potential, but the u≠1 cases are useful for (certain series based) correction for (the different) approximate solutions of Schrödinger equation, for example, in its wave-function corrections or correlation calculations. Solving the related linear equation system (LES), the expansion |r|^-u about equal SUM(k=0toL)SUM(i=1toM) Cik r^2k exp(-Aik r^2) is analyzed for |r| = r12 or RC1 with least square fit (LSF) and modified Taylor expansion. These evaluated analytic expressions for Coulomb integrals (up to Gaussian function integrand and the Gaussian expansion of |r|^-u) are useful for the manipulation with higher moments of inter-electronic distances via W, even for approximating Hamiltonian.

scholarly journals Climatic influence on the composition of snow cover at Austre Okstindbreen, Norway, 1989 and 1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yuanqing ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Crustal Material ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Marine Source

Winter snow cover at Austre Okstindbreen is influenced strongly by patterns of atmospheric circulation, and by air temperatures during precipitation. Differences of circulation over the North Atlantic and Scandinavia during the winters of 1988–89 and 1989–90 were reflected in the ionic and isotopic composition of snow that accumulated at the glacier. Early summer ablation did not remove, or smooth out, all the initial stratigraphic differences. In the first half of the 1988–89 winter, most air masses took a relatively short route between a marine source and Okstindan; late winter snowfalls were from air masses which had taken a longer continental route. The snow that accumulated in the first half of the 1989–90 winter was associated with air masses which had followed longer continental routes, and so brought higher concentrations of impurities from forests, lakes and crustal material. The ablation season began earlier in 1990 than in 1989, and summer winds and rain supplied more impurities to the snowpack surface.

scholarly journals Compost and soil moisture effects on seasonal carbon and nitrogen dynamics, greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential of semi-arid soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavis Badu Brempong ◽  
Urszula Norton ◽  
Jay B. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Normal Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Abstract Purpose An 8-week incubation study was conducted to monitor soil inorganic nitrogen (N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), greenhouse gases (GHG) [CO2, N2O and CH4] and cumulative global warming potential (GWP) in dryland soil. Methods Soil was amended with variable rates of compost (zero, 15, 30 and 45 dry Mg ha−1) and soil moistures [5% (dry), 7% (normal) and 14% (wet) water filled pore space (WFPS)] and experienced biweekly temperature transitions from 5 °C (late winter) to 10 °C (early spring) to 15 °C (late spring) to 25 °C (early summer). Results The addition of 30 and 45 Mg ha−1 compost enhanced N mineralization with 13% more soil inorganic N (7.49 and 7.72 µg Ng−1 day−1, respectively) during early summer compared with lower compost rates. Normal and wet soils had 35% more DOC in the late spring (an average of 34 µg g−1 day−1) compared to the dry WFPS, but transitioning from late spring to early summer, DOC at all soil WFPS levels increased. Highest rates of compost were not significant sources of GHG with normal soil WFPS, compared with lower compost rates. Carbon dioxide emissions increased by 59 and 15%, respectively, as soil WFPS increased from dry to normal and normal to wet. Soils with normal WFPS were the most effective CH4 sink. Conclusion One-time application of high compost rates to dryland soils leads to enhanced N and C mineralization under normal soil moisture and warmer temperature of the summer but will not pose significant global warming dangers to the environment through GHG emissions since soils are rarely wet.

scholarly journals Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO with the CRDS technique at the Izaña Global GAW station: instrumental tests, developments, and first measurement results

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2043-2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel J. Gomez-Pelaez ◽  
Ramon Ramos ◽  
Emilio Cuevas ◽  
Vanessa Gomez-Trueba ◽  
Enrique Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Spatial Inhomogeneity ◽  
Inlet Pressure ◽  
Processing Scheme ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Least Square Fit

Abstract. At the end of 2015, a CO2/CH4/CO cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) was installed at the Izaña Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station (Tenerife, Spain) to improve the Izaña Greenhouse Gases GAW Measurement Programme, and to guarantee the renewal of the instrumentation and the long-term maintenance of this program. We present the results of the CRDS acceptance tests, the raw data processing scheme applied, and the response functions used. Also, the calibration results, the implemented water vapor correction, the target gas injection statistics, the ambient measurements performed from December 2015 to July 2017, and their comparison with other continuous in situ measurements are described. The agreement with other in situ continuous measurements is good most of the time for CO2 and CH4, but for CO it is just outside the GAW 2 ppb objective. It seems the disagreement is not produced by significant drifts in the CRDS CO World Meteorological Organization (WMO) tertiary standards. The more relevant contributions of the present article are (1) determination of linear relationships between flow rate, CRDS inlet pressure, and CRDS outlet valve aperture; (2) determination of a slight CO2 correction that takes into account changes in the inlet pressure/flow rate (as well as its stability over the years), and attributing it to the existence of a small spatial inhomogeneity in the pressure field inside the CRDS cavity due to the gas dynamics; (3) drift rate determination for the pressure and temperature sensors located inside the CRDS cavity from the CO2 and CH4 response function drift trends; (4) the determination of the H2O correction for CO has been performed using raw spectral peak data instead of the raw CO provided by the CRDS and using a running mean to smooth random noise in a long water-droplet test (12 h) before performing the least square fit; and (5) the existence of a small H2O dependence in the CRDS flow and of a small spatial inhomogeneity in the temperature field inside the CRDS cavity are pointed out and their origin discussed.

Microwave Spectrum and Dipole Moment of Methylenecyclobutenone

1974 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1498-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Czieslik ◽  
L. Carpentier ◽  
D. H. Sutter
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Electric Dipole Moment ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Stark Effect ◽  
Microwave Spectrum ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Rotational Constants ◽  
Vibrational Ground State ◽  
Least Square Fit

Abstract The microwave spectrum of Methylenecyclobutenone has been investigated in the vibrational ground state in the range of 8 to 26.5 GHz. From a least square fit of 12 lines with J ≦ 4 the rotational constants have been calculated as A =5.775664±0.000009 GHz, B = 4.312314 ± 0.000007 GHz, C = 2.467814±0.000008 GHz. The inertia defect Δ = - 0.09 amuÅ2 indicates that the molecule is planar. From Stark-effect measurements the components of the molecular electric dipole moment were obtaied as |μa| = 2.04 ± 0.02 D, |μb| = 2.70±0.03 D, |μtotal| = 3.39 ± 0.05 D.

scholarly journals Normal tissue tolerance dose for cervical radiotherapy to the NTCP model using a method of least square fit

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
E. Onuh ◽  
A.S. Ajuji ◽  
N. Rabiu ◽  
M.S. Anas ◽  
M. Jada
Keyword(s):  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Normal Tissue Complication Probability ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Radiotherapy Planning ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Normal Tissue Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Dose ◽  
Method Of Least Square ◽  
Least Square Fit

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) models on radiation treatment plans. We estimated NTCP parameters for the organs at risk (OARs) for cervical cancer radiotherapy. We pooled individual patient data from fifty patients who were treated with External Beam Radiotherapy technique between March 2012 and November 2013 in a part of Northern Nigeria with the exclusion of patients who had other gynaecological malignancies. Three basic methods were followed during the radiotherapy planning of these patients which included the pre-planning stage, planning radiotherapy treatment stage and treatment delivery. Various tests were carried out on these patients which helped to confirm the diagnosis after which they were treated using the linear accelerator, computed tomography simulator and the treatment planning system. We calculated the normal tissue tolerance doses for partial volumes of the organs using the values of the above –said parameters for published data on normal tissue tolerance doses. This article shows a graphical representation of the computed NTCP for left femur, right femur and skin presented and a fairly good correspondence is found between the curves for head of femurs and skin. Keywords: Normal Tissue Tolerance Dose, Normal Tissue Complication Probability, Method of Least Square Fit, Cervical Radiotherapy

Experimental Analysis of Microhabitat Selection by Juvenile Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Coho Salmon (O. kisutch) in a British Columbia Stream

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt D. Fausch
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Identical Construction ◽  
Stream Salmonids

Replicate experiments were conducted in the Salmon River, British Columbia, during early summer 1990 to test the relative importance of velocity refuge, visual isolation, and overhead cover to microhabitat selection by steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) parr and age-0 coho salmon (O. kisutch). Four types of artificial Plexiglas structures, the first three of identical construction, had different portions painted to provide increasing habitat complexity: velocity refuge alone, velocity refuge with visual isolation, all three features combined, and overhead cover alone. Steelhead parr selected structures with overhead cover alone or all three features significantly more often than those without overhead cover. Steelhead also selected structures adjacent to the swiftest velocities available and closest to other natural overhead cover, which accounted for most differences in use of the same structure in different locations. In contrast, few age-0 coho salmon used any structures. Those that did selected the three types of structures with velocity refuge about equally, but significantly more often than those with overhead cover alone, regardless of their location. Field experiments such as this hold promise for elucidating mechanisms of habitat selection by stream salmonids.

Performance of breeding ewes on lucerne-subterranean clover pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Hall ◽  
EC Wolfe ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Lamb Growth

Pasture production, ewe and lamb growth, ewe wool production and diet quality were studied on lucerne-subterranean clover pastures at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Lucerne was sown at rates of 0.75 to 3.0 kg/ha, and the pastures were rotationally grazed with Border Leicester x Merino ewes at 9.6 or 12.7 sheep/ha, the ewes lambing in August- September. Lucerne density declined by 45% over the 3 years on all treatments. The clover cultivar sown, Woogenellup, had low persistence, particularly at 12.7 sheep/ha. The density of lucerne had little effect on annual wool and lamb production, although the ewes grew faster on the denser lucerne in summer and the sparser lucerne in winter. At 12- 7 sheep/ha, there was an extra 19% total lamb weight by the end of November and an extra 22% of finer wool (1 �m) annually, but the fleeces had a higher proportion of wool tenderness. The major limitations of the lucerne-subterranean clover pastures to sheep production were the low quality of the diet in early summer, and low pasture production in late winter. In early summer the lucerne was rapidly consumed, leaving only moderate quality clover and grass residues, which limited lamb growth, while in winter pregnancy toxaemia occurred, fleeces were tender and wool growth was low, particularly during a drought in 1976.

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