Lethal Concentrations of Copper and Zinc for Young Atlantic Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Lethal Action ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Straight Line

The toxicity of copper and zinc sulphates to immature Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was tested in soft water.The relation between concentration of metal and survival-time could be fitted by a straight line when logarithms were used. A sharp break in this relation marked the incipient lethal level, where survival became indefinitely long. Incipient lethal levels were 48 μg/l of copper and 600 μg/l of zinc.In solutions containing both copper and zinc, fish died twice as fast as would occur if the 2 metals were simply additive in their lethal action. Resistance-times in zinc solutions were increased at pH 7.9–9.3, and results fitted the hypothesis that dissolved zinc was toxic, but not suspended zinc. Survival in a given concentration of zinc was 4 times as long at 5° as at 15 °C, and the incipient lethal level was at least 1.5 times higher, with fish acclimated to each temperature.

Seasonal and Developmental Variation in the Lethality of Zinc to Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko ◽  
W. G. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sensitive Stage ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Lethal Level

The incipient lethal level (ILL) of zinc to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water at a water hardness of 14 mg/ℓ varies from 150 to 1000 μg/ℓ as a function of season and developmental stage of the fish. The ILL increases from 500 to 1000 μg/ℓ during the 1st yr and decreases to 150 μg/ℓ in the following spring. The more sensitive stage in the salmon's life history, evidenced by decrease of ILL coincides with and is probably related to initial stages of the parr–smolt transformation.

THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR LINNAEUS)

1944 ◽  
Vol 22d (5) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Embryonic Shield ◽  
Length Data ◽  
Early Developmental

Series of eggs collected at various Canadian Atlantic Coast Hatcheries from 1934 to 1940 were used as the bases for a survey of the embryology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from fertilization to hatching. Early developmental stages from cleavage to the delineation of the embryonic shield are described. Somite formation commences when the embryonic axis is between 1 and 2 mm. in length, and is complete shortly after closure of the blastopore when 60 somites are evident at an embryonic length of 6 mm. Following this the embryo takes on a progressively more fish-like form until hatching.The temperature of the water during most of the incubation period is relatively constant (0.5 °C. to 1 °C.) and the embryonic length data when plotted over this period fit the requirements for straight-line curves. The variation in the thermal units required to reach the same stage in different series indicates that their validity as criteria for determining comparable stages in embryonic development is doubtful.Periods of greatest mortality in development occur during cleavage and blastoderm formation to the closure of the blastopore and at hatching.

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Persistence of Orally Administered Salmonella enterica Serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. NESSE ◽  
T. LØVOLD ◽  
B. BERGSJØ ◽  
K. NORDBY ◽  
C. WALLACE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Gastric Intubation

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15°C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 × 108, 1.0 × 106, or 1.0 × 104 CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15°C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

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