Red and White Muscle of Fish in Relation to Rigor Mortis

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Buttkus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Rigor Tension

The superficial red muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) was shown to exhibit unique properties of post-mortem contraction and tension development. In comparison with white muscle, rigor contraction and isometric rigor tension in red muscle were about three times as great. The rate of contraction of the red muscle was dependent on temperature and also on the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. The elastic modulus of the red muscle of trout and lingcod increased with increasing post-mortem time. Following the onset of rigor mortis a gradual increase in elasticity was observed. The maximum effects of contraction, tension and elasticity coincided with the onset of rigor mortis and each could therefore be used as a measure of this phenomenon. It was concluded from these experiments that stiffening of a fish with the onset of rigor mortis is not due to contraction or tension development of the muscles, but rather to their changing mechanical properties. A convenient measure of the changing mechanical properties in the muscle was the elastic modulus.Morphological differences between the very active, myoglobin rich, red muscle and the white muscle of lingcod were demonstrated by means of electron micrographs. The high glycogen content in the area of sarcoplasm of the red muscle, as indicated in electron micrographs, was confirmed by chemical analysis. Red muscle in rested fish was shown to contain from 1 to 3 times more glycogen than white muscle.

Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Red and White Muscles in the Silver Carp

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-567
Author(s):  
T. YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Red And White Muscles ◽  
Specific Membrane

1. Electrical and mechanical properties of the red muscle (M. levator pinnae pectoralis) and white muscle (M. levator pinnae lateralis abdominis) in the silver carp (Carassius auratus Linné) were investigated by using caffeine and thymol. 2. A complete tetanus could be produced in the red muscle. But in the white muscle no tetanus was produced and there was a gradual decrease in tension during continuous stimulation, even at a frequency of 1 c/s or less. 3. Caffeine (0.5-1 mM) and thymol (0.25-0.5 mM) potentiated the twitch tension in both muscles without an increase in the resting tension; they produced a contracture in both muscles when the concentration was increased further. 4. The falling phase of the active state of contraction was nearly the same in both muscles and was prolonged by caffeine (0.5 mmM) and by thymol (0.25 mM). 5. The resting membrane potential of the red muscle was scarcely affected by caffeine (0.5-5 mM), whereas in the white muscles a depolarization of 10 mV was observed with caffeine of more than 2 mM. The resting potential of both muscles was little changed by o.25 mm thymol. However, at a concentration of more than 0.5mM thymol depolarized the membrane in both muscles to the same extent. 6. In caffeine (2-3 mM) solution the mean specific membrane resistance was reduced from 8.8 kΩ cm2 to 6.0 kΩ cm2 in the red muscle, and from 5.0 kΩ cm2 to 2.7 kΩ cm2 in the white muscle. In thymol (0.5-1 mM) solution it was reduced from 11.2 kΩcm2 to 6.5 kΩ cm2 in the red muscle, and from 5.4kΩ cm2 to 3.1 kΩ) cm2 in the white muscle. The specific membrane capacitance, calculated from the time constant and the membrane resistance, remained more or less the same in both muscles after a treatment with these agents. 7. Electrical properties of the muscles and the effects of caffeine and thymol on mechanical responses suggest that there are no fundamental differences between red and white muscles except for the excitation-contraction coupling. A lack of summation of twitch, a successive decline of twitch, and inability to produce potassium contracture in the white muscle may be due to the fact that the Ca-releasing mechanism is easily inactivated by depolarization of the membrane.

Muscle metabolism of freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), during acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acidic water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krishna Murthy ◽  
P. Reddanna ◽  
M. Bhaskar ◽  
S. Govindappa
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Tilapia Mossambica ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), were subjected to acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acid water (pH 4.0), and the muscle metabolism was investigated. Differential patterns of carbohydrate metabolism were witnessed in the red and white muscles in response to both acute exposure and acclimation. The glycogen content of red muscle was elevated whereas that of white muscle was depleted on acute exposure. But on acclimation, both the muscles had elevated glycogen content. The red muscle seems to mobilize carbohydrates into both hexose mono- and di-phosphate pathways, but white muscle does so only into the hexose monophosphate pathway on acclimation. In general, both the muscles exhibited suppressed glycolysis and elevated oxidative phase leading to elevated glycogen level. The muscle metabolism was oriented towards conservation of carbohydrates and lesser production of organic acids on acclimation, as a possible metabolic adaptive mechanism of the fish, enabling them to counteract the imposed acid stress.

scholarly journals HIGH GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF RED AS OPPOSED TO WHITE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS OF GUINEA PIGS

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 552-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. GILLESPIE ◽  
D. R. SIMPSON ◽  
V. R. EDGERTON
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Mouse Limb ◽  
Histochemical Examination

Histochemical examination of rabbit, rat, guinea pig and mouse limb skeletal muscles in our laboratory has revealed that most red muscle fibers in any given muscle stain more intensely for glycogen (periodic acid-Schiff's reaction) than white or intermediate fibers. Since most studies have concluded that white muscle has more glycogen than red muscle, this discrepancy was investigated. Eleven vastus lateralis muscles were resected from six adult male guinea pigs and cropped to yield "red," "moderate" and "white" regions. Cross-sections of each region were employed for histochemical fiber typing and the remaining pieces for biochemical glycogen analysis. These analyses have shown the red region to have significantly more glycogen (9.7 mg per g) and more red fibers (77%) than the white region (7.4 mg/g, 29%). Having essentially eliminated intermediate fibers by cropping, these findings reflect glycogen concentration in red and white muscle fibers. The existence of significant numbers of intermediate fibers usually found in red muscles may be responsible for the frequently exhibited higher glycogen content in white muscles.

Onset of rigor mortis is earlier in red muscle than in white muscle

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Takatori ◽  
M. Nakajima ◽  
K. Sakurada ◽  
K. Hatanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Red Muscle

A study of glycogen and lactate in the myotomal muscles and liver of the Coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during sustained swimming

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Johnston ◽  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
The Mean

The locomotor roles of the myotomal muscles of fish are dependent on swimming speed. The mean maximum sustained swimming speed for coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during a 6-h period in an experimental exercise chamber was determined using a fixedvelocity technique and found to be 4 bodylengths/s. Biochemical measurements were made on the concentration of glycogen and lactate in the red muscle and white muscle at a series of known swimming speeds. Evidence is provided that red muscle alone is used at speeds below 2 bodylengths/s. The fall in concentration of red muscle glycogen was directly proportional to increased swimming speed. At speeds in excess of 2 bodylengths/s a statistically significant increase in lactate concentration occurred in the white muscle fibres. A reduction in glycogen content of the white muscle was also noted at speeds at and above the estimated mean sustained swimming speed. These results are discussed in the light of the current ideas pertaining to the division of labour between myotomal muscles in fish.

Control of glycogenosis in rainbow trout muscle during exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Parkhouse ◽  
G. P. Dobson ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Red Muscle

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the in vivo levels of glycolytic pathway intermediates during high-intensity, progressive exercise in rainbow trout red and white muscle. The mass action ratios of those reactions catalyzed by the enzymes hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase appear to be displaced far from thermodynamic equilibrium (greater than log 2) under all experimental conditions in both tissue types. Furthermore, the near-equilibrium glyceral-dehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase complex deviated from thermodynamic equilibrium during the exhaustive swim for white muscle and for all exercise intensities in red muscle. The mass action ratio of the combined glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated displacements from thermodynamic equilibrium similar to those of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase complex. Potential control sites were identified as phosphorylase for white muscle and hexokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase – phosphoglycerate kinase for red muscle. No alterations in potential control sites were found in white muscle with changing flux rates (sustained and burst swims) provided sufficient glycogen was available as precursor. Phosphofructokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase only demonstrated potential control in this tissue when glycogen content and flux rates were low (exhaustive swim). These changes coincided with substrate depletion to low levels and large declines in the ATP/ADPf ratio. Therefore, it would appear that glycogen content is the primary factor regulating glycolytic flux and control sites via alterations in adenylate levels.

Metabolic biochemistry of water- vs. air-breathing fishes: muscle enzymes and ultrastructure

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka ◽  
M. Guppy ◽  
H. E. Guderley ◽  
K. B. Storey ◽  
W. C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Phosphofructokinase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Biochemistry ◽  
Myotomal Muscle

To delineate what modifications in muscle metabolic biochemistry correlate with transition to air breathing in fishes, the myotomal muscles of aruana, an obligate water breather, and Arapaima, a related obligate air breather, were compared using electron microscopy and enzyme methods. White muscle in both species maintained a rather similar ultrastructure, characterized by large-diameter fibers, very few mitochondria, and few capillaries. However, aruana white muscle displayed nearly fivefold higher levels of pyruvate kinase, threefold higher levels of muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase, and a fourfold higher ratio of fructose diphosphatase –phosphofructokinase activity; at the same time, enzymes in aerobic metabolism occurred at about one-half the levels in Arapaima. Red muscle was never found in the myotomal mass of aruana, but in Arapaima, red muscle was present and seemed fueled by glycogen, lipid droplets never being observed. From these and other data, it was concluded that in myotomal muscle two processes correlate with the transition to air breathing in Amazon osteoglossids: firstly, an emphasis in oxidative metabolism, and secondly, a retention of red muscle. However, compared with more active water-breathing species, Arapaima sustains an overall dampening of enzyme activities in its myotomal muscle, which because of the large myotome mass explains why its overall metabolic rate is relatively low. By keeping the oxidative capacity of its myotomal muscle low, Arapaima automatically conserves O2 either for a longer time or for other more O2-requiring organs in the body, a perfectly understandable strategy for an air-breathing, diving fish, comparable with that observed in other diving vertebrates. A similar comparison was also made of two erythrinid fishes, one that skimmed the O2-rich surface layers of water and one that obtained three quarters of its O2 from water, one quarter from air. Ultrastructural and enzyme data led to the unexpected conclusion that the surface skimmer sustained a higher oxidative capacity in its myotomal muscles than did the facultative air breather.

Characterization and Utilization of Coconut Fibers of the Caribbean

2014 ◽  
Vol 1611 ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadira Mathura ◽  
Duncan Cree ◽  
Ryan P. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Gauge Length ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Coir Fiber ◽  
Coir Fibers ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTIn many tropical countries coconut (coir) fiber production is a major source of income for rural communities. The Caribbean has an abundance of coconuts but research into utilizing its by-products is limited. Environmentally friendly coir fibers are natural polymers generally discarded as waste material in this region. Research has shown that coir fiber from other parts of the world has successfully been recycled. This paper therefore investigates the mechanical properties of Caribbean coir fiber for potential applications in civil engineering.Approximately four hundred fibers were randomly taken from a coir fiber stack and subjected to retting in both distilled and saline water media. The mechanical properties of both the retted and unretted coir fibers were evaluated at weekly increments for a period of 3 months. Tensile strength test, x-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron micrographs were used to assess trends and relationships between fiber gauge lengths, diameter, tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Diameters ranged between 0.11 mm-0.46 mm, while fiber samples were no longer than 250 mm in length. The tensile strength and strain at break decreased as the gauge length increased for both unretted and retted fibers. The opposite occurred for the relationship between the gauge length and Young’s modulus. Additionally, the tensile strength and modulus decreased as the fiber diameter increased. Neither distilled nor saline water improved the coir fiber’s crystalline index. Scanning electron micrographs qualitatively assessed fiber surfaces and captured necking and microfibril degradation at the fractured ends.The analysis revealed that the tensile strength, modulus, strain at break and crystallinity properties of the Caribbean coir fibers were comparable to commercially available coir fiber which are currently being used in many building applications.

RIGOR MORTIS: PHYSIOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heron Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Introduction: Estimating the time of death is an important task in day-to-day forensic work and many factors for its designation are understood, one of which is rigor mortis. They can be altered by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as temperature location, humidity, heat, age, sex, length and body weight, and can be used as a parameter for approximate identification of the time of death. Objective: To carry out a brief review on the topic in order to promote a better understanding of the subject addressed and fully understand its physiology. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scielo and Medline databases were searched without date restrictions for articles published in English and Portuguese using the descriptors rigor mortis, autolysis and changes after death. Results: The theme presents consolidated researches regarding its natural course, being an important tool to estimate the time of death along other signs that appear after death, as well as to estimate some causes of death. Conclusion: Understanding the development of rigor mortis, helps to identify and distinguish processes that may have led to death and the post-mortem time.

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