Effect of Estradiol Monobenzoate on some Serum Constituents of Maturing Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chung-Wai Ho ◽  
W. E. Vanstone
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Blood Picture ◽  
Exogenous Estrogen ◽  
Egg Formation

Blood changes associated with egg production or estrogenization in other egg-laying vertebrates have been obtained in adult sockeye salmon. The blood picture of male salmon following estrogenization approaches that of sexually maturing females. Exogenous estrogen superimposed on endogenous gonadal hormones in maturing female salmon enhances the serum changes associated with egg formation.

Changes in lipid and protein reserves and in diet of breeding House Sparrows

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Krementz ◽  
C. Davison Ankney
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Protein ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

We collected House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) around London, Ontario, weighed their protein and fat reserves, and determined their food habits and egg production to test the effects of reserve levels on the timing of egg formation and the control of clutch size. Although consumption of high-protein foods was apparently related to insect availability, females consumed more high-protein foods than did males, especially during the laying period. Before egg production began, protein and fat reserves of males declined but those of females were constant. After egg production began, reserves of males remained constant through postreproduction. Neither protein nor fat reserves were accumulated by females before egg formation began, suggesting that an elevated threshold level of nutrient reserves was not necessary to commence egg formation. Protein reserves of females did not decline during egg production; fat reserves increased just before the first ovulation and declined rapidly thereafter. Neither fat reserve levels on the first day of ovulation nor the decline in fat reserves thereafter were related to clutch size. Postlaying females had, on average, enough fat reserves to produce an additional egg. We conclude that although female House Sparrow use fat reserves during egg laying, their clutch size is not controlled thereby.

Egg productivity of quails of Japanese breed under different phase feeding schemes

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
A. A. Kretov
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Risk Zone ◽  
Egg Formation

The primary cause of injuries and inflammation of the reproductive system in female quails in industrial quail farming is the process of egg formation and its passage through the oviduct. With technological injuries females aged from 42 to 55 days are involved into the risk zone, whose weight of laid eggs ranges from 11,6 to 13,7 g. In previous morphological and histological studies, the following patterns of development of the organs of the reproductive system of quails under conditions of intensive technology have been established. The development of the reproductive organs of female quails of Japanese breed proceeds sequentially in seven periods: the first (1–21 days) is the period of relative rest of the growth of organs, the second (21–35 days) is the period of intensive morphogenesis of the ovaries and oviduct departments, the third (35–45 days) is the period of preparation and the beginning of egg laying, the fourth (45–75 days) is the period of egg laying growth or functional formation of the oviduct departments, the fifth (75–185 days) is the period of intensive folliculogenesis and high secretory activity of the departments of the oviduct or the peak of egg production, the sixth (185–200 days) is the beginning of the involution of the reproductive organs and a decrease in the rate of egg production, the seventh (200 days and older) is the involution of the reproductive organs and the termination of egg laying. Taking into account these patterns of development of the reproductive organs of quails, the feeding scheme of female egg quails has been adjusted, which provides for the division of the productive period into 4 phases: phase 1 is the beginning of egg production (36–45 days), phase 2 is the growth of egg production (46–75 days), phase 3 is the peak of egg production (76–185 days) and phase 4 is the decline of egg production (185–200 days). The proposed scheme of phase feeding of female quails of Japanese breed during the productive period is the advantageous technological technique, since it allows to reduce the injuries of the poultry oviduct and improve the quality indicators of the quail egg, as a result of reducing the weight and size of eggs in the initial phase of egg production and the number of large eggs during the entire productive period. The use of the new scheme of phase feeding of female quails of Japanese breed allows us to get more egg mass by 67,5 kg, due to the increase in the gross harvest of commercial quail eggs by 4,5 % and the livability of the quails by 5,6 %.

Blood levels of ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and gonadal hormones in hens laying hard-shelled or shell-less eggs

1986 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nys ◽  
T. M. N'Guyen ◽  
J. Williams ◽  
R. J. Etches
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Egg Formation

ABSTRACT The production of shell-less eggs was induced in hens to measure the effects of the high demands made by shell formation on the blood minerals and hormones whose concentrations change during egg formation. In control hens laying hard-shelled eggs, the concentration of ionized calcium in plasma decreased at the onset of shell formation, but no change was found in hens laying shell-less eggs. Total calcium concentrations in plasma decreased slightly throughout the ovulation cycle in both groups. Concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in the plasma were increased in the control group during the period of shell formation and decreased when calcification was suppressed. Finally, the concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) in plasma were significantly increased 16 and 20 h following an ovulation compared with 4 h after ovulation, or compared with the concentrations observed in hens laying shell-less eggs. The variations in the plasma concentrations of ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus and 1,25-(OH)2D3 associated with egg formation were therefore absent in hens laying shell-less eggs demonstrating their direct link with shell calcification. On the other hand, suppression of shell production had no influence on the changes in the plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone which are associated with the normal ovulatory cycle. It is concluded that the increases in intestinal and uterine calcium transport and in 1,25-(OH)2D3 production which occur at the onset of egg production in hens are mainly controlled by factors involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis rather than by gonadal hormones. J. Endocr. (1986) 111, 151–157

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migratory energetics: response to migratory difficulty and comparisons with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1986-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
G T Crossin ◽  
S G Hinch ◽  
A P Farrell ◽  
M P Whelly ◽  
M C Healey
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are generally considered weak upriver migrants relative to sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), though this assertion is largely anecdotal. To assess energy-use patterns during migration, we collected pink salmon from two major Fraser River stocks (Weaver and Seton in British Columbia, Canada) in 1999 at three times and locations: (1) at the start of freshwater migration, (2) at the end of migration before spawning, and (3) immediately after spawning. We calculated the energy content of somatic and reproductive tissues, recorded several body measurements, and conducted both intraspecific (between pink stocks) and interspecific analyses with co-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon collected during the same season. We found that between pink salmon stocks, there were no significant energetic or morphological differences either at river entry or upon arrival at spawning areas regardless of the level of migratory difficulty encountered. When compared with sockeye salmon, however, we found that pink salmon began upriver migration with significantly smaller somatic energy reserves but made up for this deficiency by minimizing absolute transport and activity costs, presumably by seeking out migratory paths of least resistance. This energetic efficiency comes at a cost to reproductive output: relative to sockeye salmon, pink salmon diverted less absolute energy to egg production, producing smaller ovaries and fewer eggs. We speculate that fundamental differences in behaviour shape the migratory energetic tactics employed by pink salmon.

Hypertrophy of the Interrenal Tissue in Sexually Maturing Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the Effect of Gonadectomy

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2975-2985 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
A. P. van Overbeeke
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Sexually Mature

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) develop marked hypertrophy of the interrenal tissue during the period of sexual maturation and spawning. No differences were found between fish held in captivity and those that matured in their natural habitat. Feeding appeared to have an inhibitory effect, but did not prevent the hypertrophy. Gonadectomy of sexually mature fish resulted in a rapid involution of the hyperplastic interrenal tissue. On the other hand, gonadectomy, when performed in an early stage of sexual maturity, prevented the development of interrenal hypertrophy. The interrenal hyperplasia was not accompanied by apparent changes in the ACTH cells of the pituitary gland. Gonadectomy, however, led to increased affinity of these cells for lead-hematoxylin, but this effect did not take place until after interrenal involution had commenced. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the hypertrophy of the interrenal at this time is caused by gonadal hormones, which may act directly on the adrenal homologue without mediation by the pituitary gland.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis Identifies Potential Markers for Chicken Primary Follicle Development

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Armughan Ahmed Wadood ◽  
Jingyuan Wang ◽  
Liping Pu ◽  
Qaisar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Phosphate Binding ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Mannose Metabolism

Follicles’ development in chicken imparts a major impact on egg production. To enhance the egg-laying efficiency, comprehensive knowledge of different phases of follicular development is a prerequisite. Therefore, we used the tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic approach to find the genes involved in the primary follicular development of chicken. The primary follicles were divided into two groups—small primary follicles (81–150 μm) and developed primary follicles (300–500 μm). Differential expression analysis (fold change > 1.2, p-value < 0.05) revealed a total of 70 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 38 were upregulated and 32 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis disclosed that DEPs were intricate with cellular protein localization, the establishment of protein localization, and nucleoside phosphate-binding activities. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway indicated the involvement of DEPs in different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, galactose metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism. The current proteomic analysis suggested suitable markers such as Anxa2, Pdia3, and Capzb, which may serve as a potential role for primary follicle development. The present study provides the first insight into the proteome dynamics of primary follicle development and would play a potential role for further studies in chicken to improve egg productivity.

scholarly journals Dual-Purpose Poultry in Organic Egg Production and Effects on Egg Quality Parameters

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Marianne Hammershøj ◽  
Gitte Hald Kristiansen ◽  
Sanna Steenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Genotype A

Egg laying genotypes have been selected for generations due to their high yield and egg quality, resulting in efficient feed utilization and low body weight; hence, they are not suitable for meat production. This imposes an issue for the male layer chicks, which are killed at one day old. Because of ethical and food waste concerns, the search for suitable dual-purpose genotypes in order to avoid euthanasia of male day-old chicks has intensified. The aim of the present study is to evaluate potential dual-purpose genotypes for their egg quality compared to a representative egg laying genotype. Three dual-purpose genotypes with divergent characteristics were evaluated: genotype A represented an experimental crossbreed based on a broiler type male and an egg layer female, genotype B was a pure breed, and genotype C was a crossbreed of a layer type. These were compared to a control genotype D, which was an egg layer. Eggs were collected six times during the period of 21–54 weeks of hen age, i.e., a total of 1080 shell eggs were analyzed. Examined parameters were weights of egg, shell, yolk, and albumen, by calculating their relative proportions. Shell quality was assessed by shell strength, shell stiffness, and shell thickness. Yolk quality was determined as yolk color and inclusions of blood and meat spots, and albumen quality was evaluated in terms of pH and dry matter (DM) content. The egg layer genotype produced the smallest eggs with least blood and meat spot inclusions compared to that produced by the three dual-purpose genotypes. Shell quality was superior for the layer genotype. However, the experimental genotype A laid eggs of comparable shell quality, albumen DM, and yolk weight, but also with the darkest and most red-yellow colored yolk. The two other dual-purpose genotypes produced eggs of low-medium quality. In conclusion, the genotype A could serve as dual-purpose genotype from an egg quality perspective.

Resumption of anadromy or straying? Origins of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the Elwha River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
George R. Pess ◽  
Ben J.G. Sutherland ◽  
Samuel J. Brenkman ◽  
Ruth E. Withler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Elwha River
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