Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: III. Carbonyl Enediols as Antioxidants.

1949 ◽  
Vol 7c (9) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr ◽  
N. E. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Fish Flesh

The cyclic carbonyl enediols, reductic acid and l-ascorbic acid, strongly retarded fat oxidation in frozen minced red spring salmon or herring flesh stored at −10 or −20 °C., the former being more effective than the latter. The acyclic carbonyl enediols and dihydroxymaleic acid with its sodium and ammonium salts and reductone were either ineffective or afforded only slight protection.

Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: II. Physical and Chemical Methods

1948 ◽  
Vol 7b (5) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Ethyl Gallate ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Frozen Fish ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Related Compounds

Storage of frozen fish in high partial pressures of carbon dioxide or nitrogen effectively prevented fat oxidation and organoleptically detectable rancidity. Carbon dioxide stored fish developed an undesirable flavour not observed in that stored in nitrogen. Ice glazes formed from water or ethyl gallate solutions were about equally effective in delaying fat oxidation in frozen salmon steaks or fillets, but considerably less effective than 1-ascorbic acid or sodium 1-ascorbate glazes. Immersing salmon steaks or fillets in 1-ascorbic acid or sodium 1-ascorbate solutions strongly inhibited fat oxidation. 1-Ascorbic acid and closely related compounds were as effective, or more effective, than ethyl gallate or several other gallic acid derivatives for frozen fish. When 1-ascorbic acid was added to fish flesh its concentration fell rapidly at first, and then very slowly in the frozen fish.

Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: I. Chemical Antioxidants

1947 ◽  
Vol 7a (3) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Propyl Gallate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Ethyl Gallate ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tartaric Acids ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
Frozen Fish ◽  
Pre Treatment

The development of rancidity in the naturally occurring fats of frozen fish was retarded by treatment with ascorbic acid (0.05%), ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or hexyl gallates (0.01 to 0.05%), and cysteine hydrochloride (0.05%). Ethanol ammonium gallate (0.02%), dodecyl thiodipropionate (0.05%), thiourea (0.05%), citric and tartaric acids (0.02%) were ineffective. The loss of surface red colour which occurred during storage of coho and red spring salmon was largely prevented by pre-treatment with 0.02% of ethyl or propyl gallate. Both NaCl and NaNO2 acted as pro-oxidants in frozen fish. In unfrozen salmon flesh stored at 0 °C. both ethyl gallate and NaNO2 retarded fat oxidation and bacterial increase.

ASCORBIC ACID AS AN ANTIOXIDANT IN FISH FLESH AND ITS DEGRADATION

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. DENG ◽  
M. WATSON ◽  
R. P. BATES ◽  
E. SCHROEDER
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fish Flesh

Comparative Study of Ascorbic Acid Levels in Gastric Secretion, Blood, Urine and Saliva

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Freeman ◽  
Roberta Hafkesbring
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Gastric Secretion ◽  
Comparative Study

Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B12 vitamers

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hadinata Lie ◽  
Maria V Chandra-Hioe ◽  
Jayashree Arcot
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. The stability of B12 vitamers is affected by interaction with other water-soluble vitamins, UV light, heat, and pH. This study compared the degradation losses in cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to the physicochemical exposure before and after the addition of sorbitol. The degradation losses of cyanocobalamin in the presence of increasing concentrations of thiamin and niacin ranged between 6%-13% and added sorbitol significantly prevented the loss of cyanocobalamin (p<0.05). Hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin exhibited degradation losses ranging from 24%–26% and 48%–76%, respectively; added sorbitol significantly minimised the loss to 10% and 20%, respectively (p < 0.05). Methylcobalamin was the most susceptible to degradation when co-existing with ascorbic acid, followed by hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin. The presence of ascorbic acid caused the greatest degradation loss in methylcobalamin (70%-76%), which was minimised to 16% with added sorbitol (p < 0.05). Heat exposure (100 °C, 60 minutes) caused a greater loss of cyanocobalamin (38%) than UV exposure (4%). However, degradation losses in hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to UV and heat exposures were comparable (>30%). At pH 3, methylcobalamin was the most unstable showing 79% degradation loss, which was down to 12% after sorbitol was added (p < 0.05). The losses of cyanocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 (~15%) were prevented by adding sorbitol. Addition of sorbitol to hydroxocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 reduced the loss by only 6%. The results showed that cyanocobalamin was the most stable, followed by hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Added sorbitol was sufficient to significantly enhance the stability of cobalamins against degradative agents and conditions.

Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Select Antioxidants in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Haas ◽  
Marilu Jurado-Flores ◽  
Ramadan Hammoud ◽  
Victoria Feng ◽  
Krista Gonzales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cytokine Secretion ◽  
Human Coronary Artery ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract. Inflammatory and oxidative stress in endothelial cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of premature atherosclerosis in diabetes. To determine whether high-dextrose concentrations induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were exposed to either 5.5 or 27.5 mM dextrose for 24-hours and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassays. To determine the effect of antioxidants on inflammatory cytokine secretion, cells were also treated with α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and the glutathione peroxidase mimetic ebselen. Only the concentration of IL-1β in culture media from cells exposed to 27.5 mM dextrose increased relative to cells maintained in 5.5 mM dextrose. Treatment with α-tocopherol (10, 100, and 1,000 μM) and ascorbic acid (15, 150, and 1,500 μM) at the same time that the dextrose was added reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in culture media from cells maintained at 5.5 mM dextrose but had no effect on IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in cells exposed to 27.5 mM dextrose. However, ebselen treatment reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in cells maintained in either 5.5 or 27.5 mM dextrose. IL-2 and TNF α concentrations in culture media were below the limit of detection under all experimental conditions studied suggesting that these cells may not synthesize detectable quantities of these cytokines. These results suggest that dextrose at certain concentrations may increase IL-1β levels and that antioxidants have differential effects on suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HCAEC.

Ascorbic Acid does not Improve Endothelium-Dependent Flow-mediated Dilatation of the Brachial Artery in Patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon Secondary to Systemic Sclerosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mavrikakis ◽  
J. P. Lekakis ◽  
M. Papamichael ◽  
K. S. Stamatelopoulos ◽  
Ch. C. Kostopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Placebo Administration ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilatation

Previous studies have shown that patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis present abnormal endothelial function; the mechanisms responsible for the endothelial dysfunction are unknown but increased vascular oxidative stress could be a possible cause. The hypothesis that a potent water-soluble antioxidant can reverse endothelial dysfunction in these patients was tested in the present study. We examined 11 female patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis and ten healthy control women by ultrasound imaging of the brachial artery to assess flow-mediated (endothelium-dependent) and nitrate-induced (endothelium-independent) vasodilatation. Flow-mediated dilatation and nitrate-induced dilatation were significantly reduced in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon, indicating abnormal endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. Patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon entered a double-blind, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled trial and received orally 2 g of ascorbic acid or placebo; vascular studies were repeated two hours after ascorbic acid or placebo administration. Flow-mediated dilatation did not improve after ascorbic acid (1.6 ± 2.2% to 2.2 ± 2.5%, ns) or placebo administration (1.2 ± 1,9% to 1.7 ± 1.4%, ns); also nitrate-induced dilatation was similar after ascorbic acid or placebo (16 ± 7.4% vs 17 ± 8%, ns), suggesting no effect of ascorbic acid on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function. In conclusion, ascorbic acid does not reverse endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in the brachial circulation of patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. The use of different antioxidants or different dosing of ascorbic acid may be required to show a beneficial effect on endothelial vasodilator function.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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