Tagging Experiments on British Columbia Pilchards

1943 ◽  
Vol 6b (2) ◽  
pp. 164-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lawson Hart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Central California ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
General Movements ◽  
Minimum Estimate

Internal iron tags recovered by magnets demonstrate general movements of pilchards (Sardinops caerulea (Girard)) from Canadian to California fishing grounds. Consideration of recoveries in respect to tonnages of fish landed, size of fish landed, and efficiency of recovery show that in the first year after tagging, tagged fish are more concentrated on northern fishing grounds than on those of California. After the first year the reverse is true. Canadian tags during their first year are more concentrated on the fishing grounds off San Pedro than off central California. Later this condition is not observed. Fish of the 1939 year-class present in California waters in 1940 were taken by the Canadian fishery in 1941. The dates of recovery of first year tags on the United States coast indicate a rather orderly migration. Minimum estimate of the fastest rate of migration indicated gave 14.3 km. per day. In contrast to the inferred condition on major migrations, pilchard movements on northern fishing grounds are very confused. Definite movements from the Washington coast to the Canadian coast are demonstrated. Fish taken in the inlets of Vancouver island during the winter months are part of the general pilchard population. The total mortality rate of the large pilchards tagged in connection with Canadian fishing operations is about 71% per annum.

INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR THE TOWN OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1782 AND 1783

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
True Index ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Town

The infant mortality rate for a single New England town for the years 1782 and 1783 cannot be used as a true index of this statistic for the 13 states which made up the United States during the 1780's. As we lack data concerning infant mortality for the country as a whole during this period, information about the mortality of infants in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, where all births were recorded, should be of interest to pediatricians. Doctor Edward A. Holyoke of Salem in a letter to Mr. Caleb Garnett, the Recording Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave these figures for the town of Salem: In 1782 there were 311 live-born infants and of these 36 died before they reached their first birthday, for an infant mortality rate of 115. In 1783 of 374 live-born infants, 38 died during their first year of life, for an infant mortality of 102. When one recalls that the rate for 1915 in the United States was 100, the infants, at least in Salem, did not fare too badly.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Social Distancing Interventions by State Mandate and their Correlation to Mortality in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean McCafferty ◽  
Sean Ashley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Initial Peak

Background: Evaluate the correlation between U.S. state mandated social interventions and Covid-19 mortality using a retrospective analysis of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) data. Methods: Twenty-seven (27) states in the United States were selected on June 17, 2020 from IHME data which had clearly defined and dated establishment of statewide mandates for social distancing measures to include: School closures, Prohibition on mass gatherings, business closures, stay at home orders, severe travel restrictions, and closure of non-essential businesses. The state Covid-19 mortality prevalence was defined as total normalized deaths to the peak daily mortality rate. The state mortality prevalence was correlated to the total number of mandates-days from their date of establishment to the peak daily mortality date. The slope of the maximum daily mortality rate was also correlated to mandate-days. Results: The standardized mortality per state to the initial peak mortality rate did not demonstrate a discernable correlation to the total mandate days (R2 = 0.000006, p= 0.995). The standardized peak mortality rate per state suggested a slight correlation to the total mandate days (R2 = 0.053,p=0.246), but was not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between standardized mortality and state population density (R2 = 0.524,p=0.00002). Conclusions: The analysis appears to suggest no mandate effective reduction in Covid-19 mortality nor a reduction in Covid-19 mortality rate to its defined initial peak when interpreting the mean-effect of the mandates as present in the data. A strong correlation to population density suggests human interaction frequency does affect the total mortality and maximum mortality rate.

scholarly journals Patterns of dental antibiotic prescribing in 2017: Australia, England, United States, and British Columbia (Canada)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Wendy Thompson ◽  
Leanne Teoh ◽  
Colin C. Hubbard ◽  
Fawziah Marra ◽  
David M. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Behavior ◽  
The Us ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to compare patterns of dental antibiotic prescribing in Australia, England, and North America (United States and British Columbia, Canada). Design: Population-level analysis of antibiotic prescription. Setting: Outpatient prescribing by dentists in 2017. Participants: Patients receiving an antibiotic dispensed by an outpatient pharmacy. Methods: Prescription-based rates adjusted by population were compared overall and by antibiotic class. Contingency tables assessed differences in the proportion of antibiotic class by country. Results: In 2017, dentists in the United States had the highest antibiotic prescribing rate per 1,000 population and Australia had the lowest rate. The penicillin class, particularly amoxicillin, was the most frequently prescribed for all countries. The second most common agents prescribed were clindamycin in the United States and British Columbia (Canada) and metronidazole in Australia and England. Broad-spectrum agents, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and azithromycin were the highest in Australia and the United States, respectively. Conclusion: Extreme differences exist in antibiotics prescribed by dentists in Australia, England, the United States, and British Columbia. The United States had twice the antibiotic prescription rate of Australia and the most frequently prescribed antibiotic in the US was clindamycin. Significant opportunities exist for the global dental community to update their prescribing behavior relating to second-line agents for penicillin allergic patients and to contribute to international efforts addressing antibiotic resistance. Patient safety improvements will result from optimizing dental antibiotic prescribing, especially for antibiotics associated with resistance (broad-spectrum agents) or C. difficile (clindamycin). Dental antibiotic stewardship programs are urgently needed worldwide.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns related to total mortality and cancer mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela R. Entwistle ◽  
Donald Schweizer ◽  
Ricardo Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the association between dietary patterns, total mortality, and cancer mortality in the United States. Methods We identified the four major dietary patterns at baseline from 13,466 participants of the NHANES III cohort using principal component analysis (PCA). Dietary patterns were categorized into ‘prudent’ (fruits and vegetables), ‘western’ (red meat, sweets, pastries, oils), ‘traditional’ (red meat, legumes, potatoes, bread), and ‘fish and alcohol’. We estimated hazard ratios for total mortality, and cancer mortality using Cox regression models. Results A total of 4,963 deaths were documented after a mean follow-up of 19.59 years. Higher adherence to the ‘prudent’ pattern was associated with the lowest risk of total mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.98), with evidence that all-cause mortality decreased as consumption of the pattern increased. No evidence was found that the ‘prudent’ pattern reduced cancer mortality. The ‘western’ and the ‘traditional’ patterns were associated with up to 22% and 16% increased risk for total mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11–1.34; and 5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.27, respectively), and up to 33% and 15% increased risk for cancer mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10–1.62; and 5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.24, respectively). The associations between adherence to the ‘fish and alcohol’ pattern and total mortality, and cancer mortality were not statistically significant. Conclusion Higher adherence to the ‘prudent’ diet decreased the risk of all-cause mortality but did not affect cancer mortality. Greater adherence to the ‘western’ and ‘traditional’ diet increased the risk of total mortality and mortality due to cancer.

scholarly journals Spatial Disparities of COVID-19 Cases and Fatalities in United States Counties

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8259
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Jackson ◽  
Sahar Derakhshan ◽  
Leah Blackwood ◽  
Logan Lee ◽  
Qian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Significant Case ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends ◽  
Mitigation Policies

This paper examines the spatial and temporal trends in county-level COVID-19 cases and fatalities in the United States during the first year of the pandemic (January 2020–January 2021). Statistical and geospatial analyses highlight greater impacts in the Great Plains, Southwestern and Southern regions based on cases and fatalities per 100,000 population. Significant case and fatality spatial clusters were most prevalent between November 2020 and January 2021. Distinct urban–rural differences in COVID-19 experiences uncovered higher rural cases and fatalities per 100,000 population and fewer government mitigation actions enacted in rural counties. High levels of social vulnerability and the absence of mitigation policies were significantly associated with higher fatalities, while existing community resilience had more influential spatial explanatory power. Using differences in percentage unemployment changes between 2019 and 2020 as a proxy for pre-emergent recovery revealed urban counties were hit harder in the early months of the pandemic, corresponding with imposed government mitigation policies. This longitudinal, place-based study confirms some early urban–rural patterns initially observed in the pandemic, as well as the disparate COVID-19 experiences among socially vulnerable populations. The results are critical in identifying geographic disparities in COVID-19 exposures and outcomes and providing the evidentiary basis for targeting pandemic recovery.

Warning against long-acting sulphonamides

1966 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-13
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Erythema Multiforme ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Warning Letter ◽  
Johnson Syndrome ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Long Acting

Last month the US Food and Drug Administration required American manufacturers of long-acting sulphonamides (sulphamethoxypyridazine, Lederkyn - Lederle and Midicel - PD; sulphadimethoxine - Madribon - Roche) to warn prescribers that in rare cases the Stevens-Johnson syndrome may develop as a severe and sometimes fatal side effect. This syndrome is a type of erythema multiforme in which large blisters appear on the skin and especially on the mucous membranes. The manufacturers were also to advise doctors ‘to consider prescribing short-acting sulphonamides first because they are effective for most of the same conditions’. The three drug firms concerned accordingly sent a joint warning letter to all doctors, pointing out that the Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a serious complication with a mortality rate of about 25%. So far 116 cases of this syndrome have been reported in association with the use of long-acting sulphonamides, most of them in the United States. Almost two thirds of the patients were children.

“Painful, yet Beautiful, Moments”: Pathways Through Infant Feeding and Dynamic Conceptions of Breastfeeding Success

2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232110321
Author(s):  
Mackenzie D. M. Whipps ◽  
Hirokazu Yoshikawa ◽  
Jill R. Demirci ◽  
Jennifer Hill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Written Narratives ◽  
Intensive Mothering ◽  
First Time

What is breastfeeding “success”? In this article, we challenge the traditional biomedical definition, instead centering visions of success described by breastfeeding mothers themselves. Using semi-structured interviews, quantitative surveys, and written narratives of 38 first-time mothers in the United States, we describe five common pathways through the first-year postpartum, a taxonomic distinction far more complex than a success–failure dichotomy: sustained breastfeeding, exclusive pumping, combination feeding, rapid weaning, and grinding back to exclusivity. We also explore the myriad ways in which mothers define and experience breastfeeding success, and in the process uncover the ways that cultural narratives—especially intensive mothering—color those experiences. Finally, we discuss how these experiences are shaped by infant feeding pathway. In doing so, we discover nuance that has gone unexplored in the breastfeeding literature. These findings have implications for supporting, promoting, and protecting breastfeeding in the United States and other high-income countries.

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