Sea lice infection of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): effects on swimming performance and postexercise ion balance

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nendick ◽  
M. Sackville ◽  
S. Tang ◽  
C. J. Brauner ◽  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Average Body Mass

Sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) infection negatively affected swimming performance and postswim body ion concentrations of juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) at a 0.34 g average body mass but not at 1.1 g. Maximum swimming velocity (Umax) was measured on over 350 individual pink salmon (0.2–3.0 g), two-thirds of which had a sea lice infection varying in intensity (one to three sea lice per fish) and life stage (chalimus 1 to preadult). For fish averaging 0.34 g (caught in a nearby river free of sea lice and transferred to seawater before being experimentally infected), the significant reduction in Umax was dependent on sea lice life stage, not intensity, and Umax decreased only after the chalimus 2 life stage. Experimental infections also significantly elevated postswim whole body concentrations of sodium (by 23%–28%) and chloride (by 22%–32%), but independent of sea lice developmental stage or infection intensity. For fish averaging 1.1 g (captured in seawater with existing sea lice), the presence of sea lice had no significant effect on either Umax or postswim whole body ions. Thus, a single L. salmonis impacted swimming performance and postswim whole body ions of only the smallest pink salmon and with a sea louse stage of chalimus 3 or greater.

Growth and ionoregulatory ontogeny of wild and hatchery-raised juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grant ◽  
M. Gardner ◽  
L. Nendick ◽  
M. Sackville ◽  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Growth ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) enter seawater (SW) shortly following emergence. Little is known about growth and development during this life-history stage when sensitivity to sea louse exposure may be high, an issue that is of current concern in British Columbia. We tested the hypothesis that growth and ionoregulatory development were similar in hatchery-raised (Quinsam) and wild (Glendale and One’s Point) juvenile pink salmon (measured over 22 weeks) following SW entry. Fish body mass increased from 0.20 ± 0.01 to 6.47 ± 0.37 g, with mean specific growth rates of 2.74% to 3.05% body mass·day–1 among the three groups. In all three groups, gill Na+–K+-ATPase (NKA) activity peaked at 12 µmol ADP·mg protein–1·h–1 following 8 weeks post-transfer to SW. Whole body Na+ and Cl– concentrations, which again did not differ among groups, were highest upon initial exposure to SW (~70 mmol·kg wet mass–1) and declined over time as gill NKA activity increased, indicating that the hypo-osmoregulatory capacity was not fully developed following emergence and initial entry into SW. Thus, consistent with our hypothesis, few differences were observed between hatchery-raised and wild juvenile pink salmon reared under laboratory conditions. These baseline data may be important for future studies in determining the effects of sea lice on wild juvenile pink salmon.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) following Exposure to Five Aquaculture Chemotherapeutants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charanveer Sahota ◽  
Kassia Hyek ◽  
Brady Surbey ◽  
Chris Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry

Abstract Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138–418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676–2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52–161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0-10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640–1800] ng/L). In subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests, LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) in order of least to most toxic were: EB (2065 [1384–3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58–190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640–2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 168 h). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.

The effect of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) swimming endurance

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2045-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Mages ◽  
Lawrence M. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Swimming Endurance

The swimming endurance of naturally and experimentally infected juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) was measured to determine the effects of sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ). Salmon naturally infected with adult male and preadult stage lice did not appear to have a reduced swim performance, but when experimentally infected with adult female lice, juvenile salmon showed a reduced ability to swim compared with uninfected control fish, and this effect increased with lice load. A reduced swimming endurance is not only likely to influence predation risk for salmon, but may have other ecological implications, such as slower seaward migration.

THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF EGGS, ALEVINS, AND FRY OF PINK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Rice ◽  
D. Adam Moles ◽  
Jeffrey W. Short
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

ABSTRACT Standard 96-hour bioassays with “total” oil solutions in fresh water and seawater determined differences in sensitivity of the developing life stages of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Eggs were the most resistant and emergent fry (yolk sac absorbed) the most sensitive to acute 4-day exposures. In fresh water, the 96-hour median tolerance limit (TLm) of fry was 0.4 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (12 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry). In seawater, it was 0.04 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (6 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry). Three life stages of alevins were exposed to 10-day sublethal exposures of the water-soluble fraction to determine what doses might affect growth. Growth was affected most severely in alevins exposed during later developmental stages. Decreased growth was observed in fry after 10-day exposures at the lowest dose tested–0.015 ml oil/liter mixed by water agitation (0.73 ppm in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry–less than 10% of the 96-hour TLm limit for that life stage). In fresh water, susceptibility of early life history stages of pink salmon to oil pollution is great at the time of emergence (completion of yolk absorption). Susceptibility is even greater in seawater after fry migration.

Temperature effects on swimming performance, energetics, and aerobic capacities of mature adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) compared with those of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan J MacNutt ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Chris G Lee ◽  
James R Phibbs ◽  
Andrew G Lotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We assessed the prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit), metabolic rate (M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max), and oxygen cost of transport (COT) for upper Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792); 53.5 ± 0.7 cm FL) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792); 59.3 ± 0.8 cm FL) across a range of naturally occurring river temperatures using large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers. Pink salmon were capable of similar relative critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as sockeye salmon (2.25 FL·s–1), but sockeye salmon swam to a higher absolute Ucrit (125.9 cm·s–1) than pink salmon (116.4 cm·s–1) because of their larger size. Nevertheless, three individual pink salmon (Ucrit-max = 173.6 cm·s–1) swam faster than any sockeye salmon (Ucrit-max = 157.0 cm·s–1), indicating that pink salmon are far better swimmers than has been previously assumed. Metabolic rate increased exponentially with swimming speed in both species and was highest for pink salmon, but swimming efficiency (i.e., COT) did not differ between species at their optimal swimming speeds. The upper and lower limits of metabolism did not differ between species and both M-dotO2-min and M-dotO2-max increased exponentially with temperature, but aerobic costs of transport were independent of temperature in both species. Strong thermal dependence of both swimming performance and COT were expected but not demonstrated in either species. Overall, a higher degree of inter-individual variability in pink salmon swim performance and capacity suggests that this species might not be as locally adapted to particular river migration conditions as are sockeye salmon.

Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations and the productivity of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krkošek ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Lice Infestations

The spread of salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) from salmon farms may threaten some wild salmon populations. Infestations of wild juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) have been associated with high mortality and population decline. Using stock–recruit data for pink salmon from the central coast of British Columbia, we analyzed how fishing mortality and spatial covariation combine with louse infestation to affect pink salmon population dynamics. The results indicate substantial coherence in survival at nested spatial scales — large-scale regional covariation and smaller scale covariation within management areas. Populations exposed to salmon farms (those from the Broughton Archipelago) show a sharp decline in productivity during sea lice infestations relative to pre-infestation years. Unexposed populations (comprising four management areas) did not experience a change in productivity during infestation years and had similar productivity to exposed populations before infestations. Our results suggest that sea lice infestations may result in declines of pink salmon populations and that management and policy of salmon farms should consider protecting wild juvenile salmon from exposure to sea lice.

A novel pattern of smoltification in the most anadromous salmonid: pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.S. Gallagher ◽  
J.S. Bystriansky ◽  
A.P. Farrell ◽  
C.J. Brauner
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
First Time ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) enter seawater earlier and smaller (0.2 g) than any other salmonid following a two-stage salinity tolerance process initiated around yolk-sac absorption and completed with seawater entry. For the first time, this two-stage ontogeny of salinity tolerance was characterized by either holding posthatch pink salmon in fresh water or transferring them to seawater every 2 weeks. A window of salinity tolerance around yolk-sac absorption was evidenced by a period of zero morbidity in seawater compared with 100% morbidity for newly hatched alevins and 25% morbidity for fry (∼0.2–0.3 g). Increased hypo-osmoregulatory ability at the time of yolk-sac absorption was indicated in fish held in fresh water under constant photoperiod (12 h light : 12 h dark) and temperature (5 °C) by a switch from catabolic to anabolic growth, increased gill Na+K+-ATPase activity and α-1b/α-1a isoform expression, and a plateau in whole-body water content, implying that pink salmon go through a form of smoltification. A large increase in whole-body [Na+] observed in fresh water at yolk-sac absorption may represent a unique strategy for maintaining water balance once fish enter seawater.

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