Contribution of three life history types to smolt production in a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1658-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Copeland ◽  
David A. Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Initial Cohort ◽  
Study Population

The most productive juvenile life history in the Pahsimeroi River Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Idaho, USA) population (in terms of smolt production) is being eliminated. Length at emigration and survival from spawning areas to Lower Granite Dam within each of three juvenile phenotypes (age-0 smolts, fall parr, age-1 smolts) were influenced by initial cohort abundance. The proportion of age-1 emigrants reaching Lower Granite Dam was dome-shaped with respect to initial cohort abundance. As initial abundance increased, higher proportions of juveniles adopted the age-1 smolt phenotype or emigrated as fall parr. The age-0 smolt phenotype had the highest relative survival, and the fall parr phenotype, the lowest. The contributions of each emigrant type to cohort smolt production varied with circumstances; hence, the full expression of phenotypic diversity is important to the study population. However, there were no records of tagged age-0 smolts surviving to return from the Pacific Ocean. Given the potential productivity of this life history, management and recovery efforts should be directed at the age-0 smolt phenotype.

Spatially overlapping salmon species have varied population response to early life history mortality from increased peak flows

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Colin L. Nicol ◽  
Jeffrey C. Jorgensen ◽  
Caleb B. Fogel ◽  
Britta Timpane-Padgham ◽  
Timothy J. Beechie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The Pacific

In the Pacific Northwest, USA, climate change is expected to result in a shift in average hydrologic conditions and increase variability. The relative vulnerabilities to peak flow changes among salmonid species within the same basin have not been widely evaluated. We assessed the impacts of predicted increases in peak flows on four salmonid populations in the Chehalis River basin. Coupling observations of peak flows, emissions projections, and multi-stage Beverton–Holt matrix-type life cycle models, we ran 100-year simulations of spawner abundance under baseline, mid-century, and late-century climate change scenarios. Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) shared the highest projected increase in interannual variability (SD = ±15%). Spring Chinook salmon had the greatest reduction in median spawner abundance (–13% to –15%), followed by coho and fall Chinook salmon (–7% to –9%), then steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (–4%). Our results show that interspecies and life history variability within a single basin is important to consider. Species with diverse age structures are partially buffered from population variability, which may increase population resilience to climate change.

Divergent life-history races do not represent Chinook salmon coast-wide: the importance of scale in Quaternary biogeography

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Moran ◽  
David J. Teel ◽  
Michael A. Banks ◽  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
M. Renee Bellinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Isostatic Rebound ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Population Genetic Variation

The dynamic Quaternary geology of the Pacific Ring of Fire created substantial challenges for biogeography. Fish life history and population genetic variation were shaped by climate change, repeated formation and subsidence of ice sheets, sea-level change, volcanism and tectonics, isostatic rebound, and now human activities. It is widely recognized in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that parallel evolution and phenotypic plasticity have obscured range-wide patterns of life-history segregation with evolutionary lineage, yet the idea of the lineages themselves persists. We employed a large, internationally standardized, microsatellite data set to explore population structure at coast-wide scale and test for two divergent lineages, whether or not related to life history. We found at least 27 distinct lineages. However, relationships among groups were poorly resolved — essentially a star phylogeny. We found pervasive isolation by distance among groups, complicating cluster analysis. Only in the interior Columbia River (east of the Cascade Mountains) is there a deep genetic bifurcation that supports both the two-lineage hypothesis and the life-history segregation hypothesis. This broad-scale perspective helps reconcile different views of Chinook salmon phylogeography and life-history distribution.

Precocial male maturation in laboratory-reared populations of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Pacific Salmonids

The incidence of precocial male maturation in yearling chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, was examined in four laboratory-reared populations. Slim Creek and Bowron River chinook salmon were about 4 weeks older than Harrison and Nanaimo river chinook salmon when sampled (14 vs. 13 months of age), but were also 20–40 g smaller. Approximately 29, 12, 0, and 0% of all males were precocious in Bowron River, Slim Creek, Harrison River, and Nanaimo River chinook salmon, respectively. Precocial male chinook salmon had gonadosomatic indices of about 5–6%, whereas immature salmon from all populations had indices under 1%. Precocial male chinook salmon were more robust bodied than immature salmon; precocial males had deeper bodies, deeper heads, and larger adipose fins. Variation among the study populations in the incidence of precocial male maturation may be related to differences among the populations in migration distance to the sea or in juvenile freshwater rearing life history. The chinook salmon would probably be a productive species with which to study the evolutionary ecology of precocial maturity in Pacific salmonids.

Individual variation in dispersal behaviour of newly emerged chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bradford ◽  
G C Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Stream Type ◽  
Downstream Movement

Immediately after emergence from spawning gravels, fry of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations from tributaries of the upper Fraser River, British Columbia, distribute themselves downstream from the spawning areas, throughout the natal stream, and into the Fraser River. We tested the hypothesis that this range in dispersal distances is caused by innate differences in nocturnal migratory tendency among individuals. Using an experimental stream channel, we found repeatable differences in downstream movement behaviour among newly emerged chinook fry. Fish that moved downstream were larger than those that held position in the channel. However, the incidence of downstream movement behaviours decreased over the first 2 weeks after emergence. We propose that the variation among individuals in downstream movement behaviour we observed leads to the dispersal of newly emerged fry throughout all available rearing habitats. Thus, between- and within-population variation in the freshwater life history observed in these populations may be caused by small differences in the behaviour of individuals.

Comparison of Spawning Areas and Times for Two Runs of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kenai River, Alaska

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl V. Burger ◽  
Richard L. Wilmot ◽  
David B. Wangaard
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Cook Inlet ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Southcentral Alaska ◽  
Radio Transmitters

From 1979 to 1982,188 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were tagged with radio transmitters to locate spawning areas in the glacial Kenai River, southcentral Alaska. Results confirmed that an early run entered the river in May and June and spawned in tributaries, and a late run entered the river from late June through August and spawned in the main stem. Spawning peaked during August in tributaries influenced by lakes, but during July in other tributaries. Lakes may have increased fall and winter temperatures of downstream waters, enabling successful reproduction for later spawning fish within these tributaries. This hypothesis assumes that hatching and emergence can be completed in a shorter time in lake-influenced waters. The time of upstream migration and spawning (mid- to late August) of the late run is unique among chinook stocks in Cook Inlet. This behavior may have developed only because two large lakes (Kenai and Skilak) directly influence the main-stem Kenai River. If run timing is genetically controlled, and if the various components of the two runs are isolated stocks that have adapted to predictable stream temperatures, there are implications for stock transplantation programs and for any activities of man that alter stream temperatures.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal covariability in early ocean survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) along the west coast of North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Patrick Kilduff ◽  
Louis W. Botsford ◽  
Steven L. H. Teo
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Correlation Scale

Abstract Knowledge of the spatial and temporal extent of covariation in survival during the critical ocean entry stage will improve our understanding of how changing ocean conditions influence salmon productivity and management. We used data from the Pacific coastwide coded-wire tagging program to investigate local and regional patterns of ocean survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Central Valley of California to southeastern Alaska from 1980–2006. Ocean survival of fish migrating as subyearlings covaried strongly from Vancouver Island to California. Short-term correlations between adjacent regions indicated this covariability increased, beginning in the early 1990s. Chinook salmon survivals exhibited a larger spatial scale of variability (50% correlation scale: 706 km) than those reported for other northeast Pacific Ocean salmon. This scale is similar to that of environmental variables related to ecosystem productivity, such as summer upwelling (50% correlation scale: 746 km) and sea surface temperature (50% correlation scale: 500–600 km). Chinook salmon ocean survival rates from southeastern Alaska and south of Vancouver Island were not inversely correlated, in contrast to earlier observations based on catch data, but note that our data differ in temporal and spatial coverage from those studies. The increased covariability in Chinook salmon ocean survival suggests that the marine phase contributes little to the reduction in risk across populations attributable to the portfolio effect. In addition, survival of fish migrating as yearlings from the Columbia River covaried with Chinook salmon survival from the northernmost regions, consistent with our understanding of their migration patterns.

scholarly journals Juvenile life-history diversity and population stability of spring Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin, Oregon

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kirk Schroeder ◽  
Luke D. Whitman ◽  
Brian Cannon ◽  
Paul Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Willamette River ◽  
June July ◽  
Willamette River Basin

Migratory and rearing pathways of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were documented in the Willamette River basin to identify life histories and estimate their contribution to smolt production and population stability. We identified six primary life histories that included two phenotypes for early migratory tactics: fry that migrated up to 140–200 km shortly after emergence (movers) and fish that reared for 8–16 months in natal areas (stayers). Peak emigration of juvenile salmon from the Willamette River was in June–July (subyearling smolts), March–May (yearling smolts), and November–December (considered as “autumn smolts”). Alternative migratory behaviors of juvenile salmon were associated with extensive use of diverse habitats that eventually encompassed up to 400 rkm of the basin, including tributaries in natal areas and large rivers. Juvenile salmon that reared in natal reaches and migrated as yearlings were the most prevalent life history and had the lowest temporal variability. However, the total productivity of the basin was increased by the contribution of fish with dispersive life histories, which represented over 50% of the total smolt production. Life-history diversity reduced the variability in the total smolt population by 35% over the weighted mean of individual life histories, providing evidence of a considerable portfolio effect through the asynchronous contributions of life histories. Protecting and restoring a diverse suite of connected habitats in the Willamette River basin will promote the development and expression of juvenile life histories, thereby providing stability and resilience to native salmon populations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document