Multiple determinants of welfare in farmed fish: stocking density, disturbance, and aggression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Adams ◽  
J F Turnbull ◽  
A Bell ◽  
J E Bron ◽  
F A Huntingford
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Density Disturbance ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
High Level

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were held in seawater tanks at stocking densities of 15, 25, and 35 kg·m–3 (with five replicates). After 51 days, four measures of welfare (body condition, fin condition, plasma glucose, and cortisol) were collected and combined by principal components analysis into an integrated welfare score for each fish. Fish with high and low welfare scores were found in all conditions, but overall welfare was best at the intermediate density, supporting the view that low densities as well as high densities can compromise welfare in salmon. The effect of stocking density interacted with the stronger effect of disturbance, creating a complex pattern of variation in welfare among the experimental tanks. Counter-intuitively, welfare scores were higher in tanks with a high level of disturbance, while welfare scores were strikingly low at the lowest density. Aggression in all tanks was low, but rose after feeding, when aggression was negatively related to both disturbance and stocking density. These data highlight the complex determinants of welfare in fish in production systems and, taken together, suggest that negative effects of husbandry practice and density on welfare in Atlantic salmon might be mediated by their influence on social interactions.

The costs of habitat utilization of wild, farmed, and domesticated juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2302-2313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva C Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
André G Roy
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Generation Progeny ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
Wild Progenitors

We compared morphometry and total swimming costs of wild, farmed (first-generation hatchery progeny of wild progenitors) and domesticated (seventh-generation progeny of the Norwegian aquaculture strain) juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Respirometry experiments were performed to assess total swimming costs of fish ranging in size from 4.0 to 16.1 g wet mass at a water temperature of 15 °C. Fish were subjected to flow conditions of low and high turbulence. Total swimming costs increased significantly with intensity of turbulence and were, on average, 1.4 times higher at high than at low turbulence. Total swimming costs were 2.4- to 4.0-fold higher than predicted by forced swimming models developed under conditions that minimize flow heterogeneity. Total swimming costs of wild and farmed fish were not statistically different (average difference = 6.7%). Hence, swimming costs models developed using farmed fish may be used to estimate swimming costs of wild fish. However, domesticated fish had total swimming costs 12.0% to 29.2% higher than farmed or wild fish. This may be related to domesticated fish having deeper bodies and smaller fins.

scholarly journals An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Ida-Johanne Jensen ◽  
Karl-Erik Eilertsen ◽  
Carina Helen Almli Otnæs ◽  
Hanne K. Mæhre ◽  
Edel Oddny Elvevoll
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

In this paper, we present updated data on proximate composition, amino acid, and fatty acid composition, as well as concentrations of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected heavy metals, in fillets from farmed (n = 20), escaped (n = 17), and wild (n = 23) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The concentrations of dioxins (0.53 ± 0.12 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g), dioxin-like PCBs (0.95 ± 0.48 pg TEQ/g), mercury (56.3 ± 12.9 µg/kg) and arsenic (2.56 ± 0.87 mg/kg) were three times higher in wild compared to farmed salmon, but all well below EU-uniform maximum levels for contaminants in food. The six ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) PCBs concentrations (5.09 ± 0.83 ng/g) in wild salmon were higher than in the farmed fish (3.34 ± 0.46 ng/g). The protein content was slightly higher in wild salmon (16%) compared to the farmed fish (15%), and the amount of essential amino acids were similar. The fat content of farmed salmon (18%) was three times that of the wild fish, and the proportion of marine long-chain omega-3 fatty acids was a substantially lower (8.9 vs. 24.1%). The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was higher in farmed than wild salmon (0.7 vs. 0.05). Both farmed and wild Atlantic salmon are still valuable sources of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. One 150 g portion per week will contribute to more (2.1 g and 1.8 g) than the recommended weekly intake for adults.

scholarly journals Erythroid Progenitor Cells in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) May Be Persistently and Productively Infected with Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Malik ◽  
Håvard Bjørgen ◽  
Kannimuthu Dhamotharan ◽  
Øystein Wessel ◽  
Erling Olaf Koppang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor Cells ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
High Level

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The virus targets erythrocytes in the acute peak phase, followed by cardiomyocytes, before the infection subsides into persistence. The persistent phase is characterized by high level of viral RNA, but low level of viral protein. The origin and nature of persistent PRV-1 are not clear. Here, we analyzed for viral persistence and activity in various tissues and cell types in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Plasma contained PRV-1 genomic dsRNA throughout an 18-week long infection trial, indicating that viral particles are continuously produced and released. The highest level of PRV-1 RNA in the persistent phase was found in kidney. The level of PRV-1 ssRNA transcripts in kidney was significantly higher than that of blood cells in the persistent phase. In-situ hybridization assays confirmed that PRV-1 RNA was present in erythroid progenitor cells, erythrocytes, macrophages, melano-macrophages and in some additional un-characterized cells in kidney. These results show that PRV-1 establishes a productive, persistent infection in Atlantic salmon and that erythrocyte progenitor cells are PRV target cells.

scholarly journals Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)) Control Methods and Efficacy in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar (Linnaeus)) Aquaculture: A Literature Review

Fishes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Cerbule ◽  
Jacques Godfroid
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Cleaner Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) causes problems in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture in the Northern Hemisphere, because infestations can result in both a loss of production and in fish mortality. Several types of treatment have been used to control louse infestations, but these have seen varying success. The aim of this review is to examine the efficacy and safety of commonly used treatments (chemical, biological, mechanical, and preventive measures) as documented in peer-reviewed publications. Efficacy is assessed in relation to a reduction in numbers of lice, and safety is assessed as a lack of negative treatment-associated effects on fish health and welfare (Atlantic salmon and/or cleaner fish). Most chemical treatments showed decreasing efficacy over time, together with the use of increasing concentrations as a result of the development of resistance to the treatments by lice. The need for a restrictive use of pesticides to preserve treatment efficacy has been emphasized. The use of cleaner fish was suggested to be effective, with few or no negative effects towards Atlantic salmon. The use of cleaner fish would be preferable to chemical treatment if the farmed fish health and welfare criteria are met. At present, the number of peer-reviewed publications relating to other forms of treatment and prevention are sparse.

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