Lipid class and nonesterified fatty acid profiles in plasma of North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2509-2518 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Alkanani ◽  
C C Parrish ◽  
K J Rodnick ◽  
A K Gamperl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Class ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Acetyl Chloride ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Metabolic energy status is a critical metric for the evaluation of fish condition and health. Thus, we (i) conducted comprehensive and comparative measurements of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and other plasma lipids in fed and food-deprived (10 weeks) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and (ii) compared three common methods for measuring total plasma NEFAs (Folch extraction/Iatroscan, Wako®enzymatic, and acetyl chloride extraction/GC). Plasma total lipid, phospholipid, triacylglycerol, and NEFA levels were 83%–95% lower in food-deprived fish. In contrast, the concentration of a previously unidentified lipid class (ethyl ketone) was only 60% lower and was in fact almost threefold higher when expressed as a percentage of total lipid. Considerable differences in the NEFA profile were also observed, for example, 22:1ω11 (dominant NEFA in fed fish) was not detected, 20:1ω9 was 97% lower, and monounsaturated fatty acids were selectively reduced. Importantly, the acetyl chloride/GC method resulted in an eightfold overestimation of NEFA in fed fish. These results (i) suggest that plasma lipids reflect the energetic/nutritional status of wild gadids and can be used to monitor their responses to changing environmental conditions and (ii) caution against using the acetyl chloride/GC method of NEFA measurement without prior separation of plasma lipids by solid-phase chromatography.

scholarly journals The profile of plasma non-esterified fatty acids in children with different terms of type 1 diabetes mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Akmurzina ◽  
E.E. Petryairina ◽  
S.V. Saveliev ◽  
A.A. Selishcheva
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

Composition and quantitative content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were investigated in plasma samples of healthy children (12) and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) (31) by gas chromatography (GC) after preliminary NEFA solid-phase extraction from plasma lipids. There was a significant (p<0.001) 1.6-fold increase in the total level of NEFA regardless of the disease duration. In the group of DM1 children with the disease period less than 1 year there was an increase in the arachidonic acid (20:4) content (30%) and the oleic acid trans-isomer (18:1) content (82%), and also a decrease in the docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n3) content (26% ) and the docosapentaenoic acids (22:5 n-6) content (60%). In the group of DM1 children with prolonged course of this disease the altered NEFA levels returned to the normal level

Thermoregulatory behaviour in cod: Is the thermal preference in free-ranging adult Atlantic cod affected by food abundance?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1515-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

This study supports the hypothesis that well-fed cod (Gadus morhua) seek higher temperatures to increase growth rate, and poorly fed cod select lower temperatures to save metabolic energy. Depth and temperature of free-ranging adult cod (44–79 cm) were studied with data storage tags as part of a ranching project in an Icelandic fjord. Forage fish were regularly provided at four feeding stations where cod formed distinct “herds” (herd cod) that did not mingle much with the rest of the unconditioned cod in the fjord (wild cod). Several parameters (stomach fullness, liver index (fat reserves), condition factor, and growth rate) indicated that food intake was much greater in herd cod than in wild cod. In August, when the thermocline was well established, the herd cod remained in shallow (15–35 m) and warm water (8–10 °C), whereas the wild cod stayed in deep (80–90 m) and cold water (3–4 °C), but occasionally both groups explored depths and temperatures outside their preferred range. After vertical mixing in autumn when thermoregulation was not possible, the depth difference between the two groups decreased significantly.

Neonatal hypoxic hyperlipidemia in the rat: effects on aldosterone and corticosterone synthesis in vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. R663-R668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hershel Raff ◽  
Eric D. Bruder ◽  
Barbara M. Jankowski ◽  
Theodore L. Goodfriend
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Aldosterone Production ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
In Cells

Neonatal hypoxia increases aldosterone production and plasma lipids. Because fatty acids can inhibit aldosterone synthesis, we hypothesized that increases in plasma lipids restrain aldosteronogenesis in the hypoxic neonate. We exposed rats to 7 days of hypoxia from birth to 7 days of age (suckling) or from 28 to 35 days of age (weaned at day 21). Plasma was analyzed for lipid content, and steroidogenesis was studied in dispersed whole adrenal glands untreated and treated to wash away lipids. Hypoxia increased plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids in the suckling neonatal rat only. Washing away lipids increased aldosterone production in cells from 7-day-old rats exposed to hypoxia, but not in cells from normoxic 7-day-old rats or from normoxic or hypoxic 35-day-old rats. Addition of oleic or linolenic acid to washed cells inhibited both aldosterone and corticosterone production, although cells from hypoxic 7-day-old rats were less sensitive. We conclude that hypoxia induces hyperlipidemia in the suckling neonate and that elevated nonesterified fatty acids inhibit aldosteronogenesis.

Effects of long-distance migration on circulating lipids of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1822-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo J Magnoni ◽  
David A Patterson ◽  
Anthony P Farrell ◽  
Jean-Michel Weber
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
A Minor

Lipids circulate as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) or as triacylglycerol (TAG) associated with phospholipids (PLs), the two main components of lipoproteins. Changes in plasma lipid levels of migrating salmon were anticipated in response to the combined demands of exercise and osmoregulation. Circulating NEFAs, TAG, and PLs were measured in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at different stages of their 500 km migration up the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada). We found that NEFAs represent <7% of total plasma fatty acids (FAs) and show only a minor decrease during migration. In contrast, lipoproteins account for >93% of all the energy of circulating lipids, and concentrations of their main constituents show 27-fold (TAG) and 6-fold (PLs) decreases. The most pronounced change in FA composition of plasma lipids was found in the sample immediately after freshwater transition, with an increase in TAG eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and a decrease in TAG palmitic acid (16:0). Lipoproteins are therefore involved in key physiological processes necessary for successful spawning. Previous investigations of lipid metabolism in swimming salmon have focused on plasma NEFAs, but this study shows that shifting attention to lipoproteins should prove more fruitful for future studies of migration energetics.

High-altitude acclimation increases the triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycle at rest and during exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. E537-E544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant B. McClelland ◽  
Peter W. Hochachka ◽  
Shannon P. Reidy ◽  
Jean-Michel Weber
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Cycle

High-altitude acclimation alters lipid metabolism during exercise, but it is unknown whether this involves changes in rates of lipolysis or reesterification, which form the triacylglycerol/fatty acid (TAG/FA) cycle. We combined indirect calorimetry with [2-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]palmitate infusions to simultaneously measure total lipid oxidation, lipolysis, and rate of appearance (Ra) of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in high-altitude-acclimated (HA) rats exercising at 60% maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max). During exercise, relative total lipid oxidation (%V˙o 2) equaled sea-level control (SL) values; however, acclimation greatly stimulated lipolysis (+75%) but had no effect on Ra NEFA. As a result, TAG/FA cycling increased (+119%), due solely to an increase in recycling (+144%) within adipocytes. There was no change in either group in these variables with the transition from rest to exercise. We conclude that, in HA, 1) acclimation is a potent stimulator of lipolysis; 2) rats do not modify TAG/FA cycling with the transition to exercise; and 3) in normoxia, HA and SL derive the same fraction of their total energy from lipids and carbohydrates.

Effect of hyperthermia on plasma lipids and gene expression in Atlantic Cod. (Gadus Morhua I.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. S192
Author(s):  
Ingrid A.S. Aursnes ◽  
Tor Gjoen ◽  
Anne-Lise Rishovd
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Atlantic Cod

Apparent digestion and apparent retention of lipid and fatty acids in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed increasing dietary lipid levels

Aquaculture ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 284 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Øvrum Hansen ◽  
Gerd Marit Berge ◽  
Marie Hillestad ◽  
Åshild Krogdahl ◽  
Trina F. Galloway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Lipid Levels

Lipid class composition as a measure of nutritional condition in individual larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1294-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve E. Lochmann ◽  
Gary L. Maillet ◽  
Kenneth T. Frank ◽  
Christopher T. Taggart
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Class ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Lipid Class Composition ◽  
Prey Concentration ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae were reared under various feeding environments to assess their lipid class composition and survival during development. Lipids were assessed in individual larvae. Triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipids (PL), and defatted dry weight (DDW) all fell during yolk absorption. TAG increased after initiation of exogenous feeding in different feeding treatments but did not increase in starved larvae. The percentage of individuals greater than 8 d old with high TAG or PL increased with increasing prey concentration. Survivorship was low in all feeding trials, but groups with a larger percentage of individuals in poor condition tended to exhibit a higher risk of death. We suggest a condition index based on a discriminant function using TAG, PL, and DDW. We assessed the condition of field-collected larvae based on this index.

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