Food abundance and fish density alters habitat selection, growth, and habitat suitability curves for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1691-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan S Rosenfeld ◽  
Thomas Leiter ◽  
Gerhard Lindner ◽  
Lorne Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Fish Density ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Lower Growth

To understand how fish density and food availability affect habitat selection and growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), we manipulated fish density (2–12 fish·m–2) and natural invertebrate drift (0.047–0.99 mg·m–3) in 12 experimental stream channels constructed in a side-channel of Chapman Creek, British Columbia. Increased food resulted in increased growth of both dominant and subdominant fish and a shift to higher average focal velocities (from 6.5 to 8.4 cm·s–1) with maximum growth in the range of 10–12 cm·s–1. Increased food appears to permit juvenile coho to exploit higher velocity microhabitats that might otherwise be bioenergetically unsuitable at lower food levels. Increased fish density resulted in lower growth of subdominant but not of dominant fish and a general displacement of fish to both higher and lower focal velocities. The shapes of habitat suitability curves were sensitive to food abundance, implying that differences in food availability may affect transferability of habitat suitability curves between streams of different productivity. While habitat suitability curves captured the change in extent of available habitat following prey enrichment, actual increases in growth rate with enrichment (i.e., changes in habitat quality) were poorly represented by habitat suitability values and better represented by bioenergetic model predictions.

Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Treated Effluent

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation

Two generations of outbreeding in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects on size and growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2538-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K McClelland ◽  
James M Myers ◽  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
Linda K Park ◽  
Kerry A Naish
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Two Generations

Outbreeding is a potential genetic risk in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when aquaculture practices introduce nonnative domesticated fish to wild environments, making interbreeding with wild populations possible. In this study, F1 and F2 hybrid families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were created using a captive freshwater aquaculture strain and a locally derived hatchery population that is integrated with naturally spawning fish. Intermediate growth was detected in F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses reared in captivity; both generations had mean weight and length values between those of the parent populations after their first year (p < 0.05). In the early life history stages, maternal effects increased alevin growth in progeny of hatchery dams relative to those of captive dams (p < 0.001). Aquaculture control families showed greater growth rates than hybrids in late summer of their 1st year and in the following spring (p < 0.05), while the hatchery controls had lower growth rates during the first summer (p < 0.05). Line cross analysis indicated that changes in additive and dominance interactions, but not unfavorable epistatic interactions, likely explain the differences in weight, length, and growth rate observed in hybrids of these stocks of coho salmon.

Influence of Cover Complexity and Current Velocity on Winter Habitat Use by Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1551-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. McMahon ◽  
Gordon F. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Wood Debris

Winter habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) varied with cover type and flow level in outdoor stream channels. Cover utilization and the number of fish remaining in stream channels increased significantly as cover complexity increased. Most fish emigrated during a simulated freshet unless the most complex cover (low velocity, shade, and wood debris combined) was available. At both high and low flows, emigration occurred primarily during the rapid decline in light levels at twilight. Most coho formed aggregations beneath cover, exhibiting feeding and aggression at temperatures as low as 2.5 °C. We conclude that (1) social interactions, in concert with habitat features, influence the abundance of coho salmon within specific stream habitats in winter, and (2) structural complexity of wood debris is an important consideration for management practices designed to protect or enhance winter habitat for this species.

Food abundance and territory size in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1801-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Dill ◽  
Ronald C. Ydenberg ◽  
Alex H. G. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Territory Size ◽  
Feeding Territory ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Benthic Food ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potential Food ◽  
Behavioural Mechanism

Feeding territory size and potential food abundance were measured simultaneously in a field population of juvenile (40–50 mm) coho salmon. Territory size was inversely related to the density of benthic food on the territory, as predicted from an energy-based model of territoriality. The relationship between the abundance of drift food and territory size was in the predicted direction, but was not significant. Territories were also smaller where intruder pressure was higher, but intrusion rate and food abundance were not directly correlated. Therefore, the effect of food abundance on territory size was not caused indirectly by attraction of nonterritorial fish to areas where food was abundant. In the laboratory, the distance from which a resident coho attacked an approaching model intruder increased asymptotically with hunger. The fish therefore appear to possess an appropriate behavioural mechanism (tactic) to adjust territory size to local food abundance.

Ideal free distribution theory as a tool to examine juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) habitat choice under different conditions of food abundance and cover

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2362-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo R Giannico ◽  
Michael C Healey
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Ideal Free Distribution ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Input Rate ◽  
Free Distribution ◽  
Input Matching ◽  
Food Input ◽  
Ideal Free

We investigated the mechanisms affecting habitat choice by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in relation to the patchy distribution of food and cover. We tested the following hypotheses: (i) the distribution of juvenile coho, both between patches in a pool and between separate pools in a channel, corresponds numerically to the food input rate of those habitat patches as predicted by the "input-matching rule" of ideal free distribution (IFD) and (ii) the addition of instream cover, by increasing visual isolation among competitors, promotes input matching both within and between pools. We conducted our experimental work in artificial channels and we used two different types of cover, instream and overhead. In the absence of cover and with either no differences or relatively small differences in food abundance between patches, the spatial distribution of juvenile coho responded numerically to the input rate of food as predicted by the IFD. However, when differences in food abundance between patches were relatively large or cover was present, fish distributions consistently undermatched food input rate in the rich patch. Coho foraged in open patches away from cover within single pools but preferred pools with cover when choosing between separate pools. Several IFD models were used to examine the observed dispersion patterns.

Fine-scale habitat selection by adult female swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor)

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Swan ◽  
Julian Di Stefano ◽  
Andrew Greenfield ◽  
Graeme Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Wallabia Bicolor ◽  
Selection Of

Animals typically use habitat in a non-random way, but the factors influencing habitat selection may change throughout the 24-h cycle. In this study, we quantified resources at used and available locations to test two predictions about the fine-scale habitat selection of seven adult female swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor). We predicted that selection would be (i) non-random and (ii) differ between diurnal and nocturnal periods with respect to both food and shelter. Variables quantifying food abundance and lateral cover were recorded at 56 diurnal, 17 nocturnal and 143 randomly selected available locations. Logistic regression indicated that diurnal habitat selection was positively correlated with lateral cover, and the cover of trees, shrubs and forbs, whereas nocturnal selection was positively correlated with forb cover only. Diurnal locations had more lateral cover than nocturnal locations. The data were consistent with our first prediction, but only partially supported our second. At a fine scale, diurnal habitat selection was influenced by the co-availability of shelter and food resources, whereas nocturnal selection was influenced by food availability only, indicating that factors influencing habitat selection changed throughout the 24-h cycle.

Habitat selection by juvenile coho salmon in response to food and woody debris manipulations in suburban and rural stream sections

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1804-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Roberto Giannico
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Abundant Food ◽  
Summer Distribution ◽  
Habitat Enhancement

This study explored the effects of food and woody debris manipulations on the summer distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in small suburban streams. To examine fish responses to these factors, three different experiments were carried out in modified sections of two streams. The results showed that the distribution of juvenile coho salmon in a stream section was primarily controlled by the availability and distribution of food among pools and by the presence and density of woody debris. Food, however, played a dominant role because the foraging quality of a pool not only affected the density of fish in it but also the response of those fish towards instream debris. In food-rich stream sections, low proportions of juvenile coho salmon occupied pools with dense woody debris in the spring, which changed towards late summer. In contrast, in food-poor reaches, high proportions of fish were found in pools with abundant debris in the spring. Pools that combined abundant food with sparse woody debris were the most favoured by the fish. It is important that salmonid habitat enhancement projects consider that open foraging areas interspersed with woody debris characterize the type of summer habitat that juvenile coho salmon prefer.

Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Side Channels ◽  
Long Channel ◽  
Important Habitat

Abstract<em>.</em>—Side channels are recognized as an important habitat component for stream resident species such as coho salmon <em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em>. The objectives of this study were to (1) design, construct, and monitor a natural-like channel for rearing coho salmon, and (2) demonstrate an alternative rearing technique that could be incorporated into hatchery operations. Data on migration, growth, habitat use, and ultimately return rates were collected. A 286-m-long channel containing riffles, pools, ponds, alcoves, and abundant large woody debris was constructed. Discharge was set at 0.1 m3/s and was adjustable from 0 to 0.3 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Channel width averaged 1.2 m and had a surface area of 971 m<sup>2</sup>. Invertebrate drift was supplemented with a prepared diet. Fifty thousand eyed coho eggs were incubated in the channel. The resulting fry were enumerated at the tail works and allowed to emigrate so that fish residence in the channel was volitional. Out-migration was high initially, dropped in the summer, and spiked over a 3-d period in the fall before slowing during winter followed by a distinct spring out-migration. Habitat use was quantified through visual counts, snorkeling, and underwater video. Densities of fish were approximately seven times higher than comparable natural habitat. Smolts leaving the channel in the spring equated to 1.5 fish/m<sup>2</sup>, which is higher than most comparable natural habitat. We concluded that engineered channels could volitionally support numbers of fish at densities higher than in natural habitat, that fish behavior in them was comparable to wild fish, and that engineered channels could be used by hatchery programs thus contributing to hatchery reform.

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