A model of total swimming costs in turbulent flow for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva C Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
André G Roy
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Mean Flow Velocity

Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) live in rivers characterized by highly turbulent flows. In these environments, flow turbulence is associated with a wide range of instantaneous flow velocities, which may affect the energetic costs of habitat utilization of juvenile Atlantic salmon. The purpose of our work was to develop a swimming costs model for juvenile Atlantic salmon that especially accounts for the effects of velocity fluctuations in turbulent environments. We estimated the total swimming costs of fish in a respirometer in which we produced five turbulent flow conditions, each characterized by a mean and a standard deviation of flow. Respirometry experiments were conducted at water temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 °C with fish ranging in size between 4.3 and 17.6 g at three mean flow velocities (18, 23, and 40 cm·s–1) and three standard deviations of flow velocity (5, 8, and 10 cm·s–1). Our results confirmed that total swimming costs increased with an increase of water temperature, body mass, mean flow velocity, and standard deviation of flow velocity (R2 = 0.93). Water temperature, body mass, mean flow velocity, and standard deviation of flow velocity contributed respectively 2%, 31%, 46%, and 14% to the explained variation in total swimming costs.

The effect of turbulence on the cost of swimming for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1149-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva C Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
André G Roy
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Wide Range

Fish activity costs are often estimated by transforming their swimming speed in energy expenditures with respirometry models developed while forcing fish to swim against a flow of constant velocity. Forced swimming models obtained using a procedure that minimizes flow heterogeneity may not represent the costs of swimming in rivers characterized by turbulence and by a wide range of instantaneous flow velocities. We assessed the swimming cost of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in turbulent flows using two means (18 and 23 cm·s–1) and two standard deviations of flow velocity (5 and 8 cm·s–1). Twenty respirometry experiments were conducted at 15 °C with fish averaging 10 g. Our results confirmed that swimming costs are affected by the level of turbulence. For a given mean flow velocity, swimming costs increased 1.3- to 1.6-fold as turbulence increased. Forced swimming models under estimated actual swimming costs in turbulent flow by 1.9- to 4.2-fold. Spontaneous swimming models overestimated the real cost of swimming in turbulent flow by 2.8- to 6.6-fold. Our analyses suggest that models in which both the mean and the standard deviation of flow velocity are explicitly represented are needed to adequately estimate the costs of swimming against turbulent flows.

scholarly journals Position choice and swimming costs of juvenile Atlantic salmon salmo salar in turbulent flow

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Wilkes ◽  
E.C. Enders ◽  
A.T. Silva ◽  
M. Acreman ◽  
I. Maddock
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon

scholarly journals No environmental effect on vaccine-induced reduced growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
TWK Fraser ◽  
PG Fjelldal ◽  
I Sommerset ◽  
T Søfteland ◽  
O Høstmark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sea Cage

Oil-adjuvanted vaccines reduce long-term growth in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, possibly via an increase in metabolic rate due to the energetic demands of the immune system. We tested this hypothesis by comparing sham-vaccinated to vaccinated smolts (total n = 2096, ca. 80 g) under different scenarios of water temperature (12 vs. 17°C, n = 1048 per temperature) and oxygen (O2) saturation (60, 70, 80, and 100%, n = 524 per O2 saturation level) in order to manipulate metabolic rate and O2 availability. We expected a more severe vaccination effect under conditions of high water temperature and low O2 saturation. Groups were kept in duplicate tanks under controlled temperature and hypoxia conditions for 7 wk post-vaccination before being transferred to uncontrolled common-garden natural conditions for 5 mo in a sea-cage. Body mass and length were recorded at the initiation and end of the controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. Vaccination and low O2 saturation at 17°C significantly reduced body mass (13 and 3% through vaccination and 9 and 20% through 60% O2 saturation at the end of the tank and sea-cage periods, respectively). However, there was no interaction between vaccination, temperature, and O2 saturation at the end of the tank or sea-cage period, lending no support to our hypothesis. A secondary observation was that emaciated ‘loser’ fish were mainly associated with the 17°C and low (mainly 60%) O2 saturation treatment. In conclusion, although vaccination led to a reduction in body mass, this effect was not influenced by environmental conditions expected to alter metabolic rate.

Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and season on the photobehaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rimmer ◽  
U. Paim
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Seasonal Difference ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stimuli ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of illuminated or shaded areas by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined in relation to temperature and photoperiod. Water temperature had a strong effect on the photoresponse of salmon. Salmon acclimated to 14 °C and a 16-h photophase in summer selected illuminated areas when tested at their acclimation conditions, but rapidly became strongly photonegative while temperature fell to 7 °C. When tested under acclimation conditions of 7 °C and a 16-h photophase during summer, salmon selected shade, but still became distinctly photopositive as temperature increased to 14 °C. Under acclimation conditions of 14 °C and an 8-h photophase during summer, salmon selected illuminated areas, becoming photonegative as temperature fell. Thus, acclimation to photoperiod alone did not exert a clear effect on the photoresponse of summer salmon. If acclimated to 7 °C and an 8-h photophase in winter, salmon selected shade under acclimation conditions and remained photonegative also after temperature increased. Anomalously, after acclimation to 7 °C and an 8-h photophase in summer, salmon were photopositive at 7 °C, but became photonegative and selected shade upon temperature increase, indicating an endogenous seasonal difference not only in their response to thermal stimuli, but also in their susceptibility to acclimation regimes.

scholarly journals Sulphated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the developing vertebral column of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten O. Hannesson ◽  
Elisabeth Ytteborg ◽  
Harald Takle ◽  
Grethe Enersen ◽  
Grete Bæverfjord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans
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