Thermal histories, stress, and metabolic rates of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Ontario: evidence from intra-otolith stable isotope analyses

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Wurster ◽  
W P Patterson ◽  
D J Stewart ◽  
J N Bowlby ◽  
T J Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Field Activity ◽  
Lethal Limit ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Thermal Histories

We describe thermal histories for Lake Ontario chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as determined from otolith δ18O thermometry using computer-controlled micromilling techniques to recover otolith aragonite at subseasonal resolution. We find that during the summer months chinook salmon inhabited epilimnetic waters with temperatures of ~19–20 °C as far back as the late 1980s. Chinook would approach but rarely exceed their reported upper incipient lethal limit of approximately 22 °C, which suggests that these fish were seeking water with temperatures as high as was tolerable while otolith growth occurred. These results contrast with expected midsummer temperatures for this cold-water salmonine. Bioenergetic simulations indicate significant stress imposed upon chinook salmon. We estimate consumption to be up to 20% more and gross conversion efficiency 18% less annually relative to nominal simulations where chinook salmon are modeled nearer their preferred temperature, reinforcing previous inferences that the chinook salmon population may be near the limits of sustainability. We also find a strong negative correlation between δ18O and δ13C values. Therefore, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in δ13C values of chinook salmon otoliths appear to be related to metabolic rate during pelagic residence and may provide an indirect method for evaluating field activity and other aspects of fish life history.

scholarly journals Process-based model of fish incubation survival for designing reservoir operations: a case study for Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Anderson ◽  
W. Nicholas Beer ◽  
Joshua A. Israel ◽  
Sheila Greene
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Sacramento River ◽  
Reservoir Operations ◽  
Regulated Rivers ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Critical Window

AbstractAllocating reservoir flows to meet societal and ecosystem needs under increasing demands for water and increasing climatic variability presents challenges to resource managers. Often, regulated rivers have been operated to meet flow and temperature compliance points that mimic historical patterns. Because it is difficult to assess if this approach is efficient or equitable, new more process-based approaches to regulation are being advanced. This paper describes such an approach with a model of egg incubation survival of Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon (SRWRC, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Thermal mortality only occurs in a critical window around egg hatching when the embryo is most sensitive to temperature stress. The duration of the critical window has significant implications for Shasta Reservoir operations that are designed to control temperature during SRWRC incubation. Previous operations sought to maintain a low temperature over the entire incubation period. However, model analysis suggests that targeting cold water directly to the critical egg hatching stage provides higher survival while requiring less cold water resources. The calibrated model is publicly accessible through a web interface connected to real-time river and fish databases and a river temperature forecast model. The system is an example of the next step of river management that integrates databases with hydrological and process-based biological models for real-time analysis and for forecasting effects of river operations on the environment.

scholarly journals Reservoir provides cool-water refuge for adult Chinook salmon in a trap-and-haul reintroduction program

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Naughton ◽  
Matthew L. Keefer ◽  
Tami S. Clabough ◽  
Matthew J. Knoff ◽  
Timothy J. Blubaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Potential Benefits

Trap-and-haul is a mitigation strategy at many hydropower dams lacking upstream fish-passage facilities, and protocols are needed to maximise its effectiveness. We used biotelemetry to assess the potential benefits of releasing transported adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) into a cold-water reservoir v. a relatively warm-water tributary before spawning. Over 5 years, we released 160 salmon into Foster Reservoir (Oregon, USA) and another 102 into the South Santiam River near historical salmon spawning areas further upstream. In total, 70% of reservoir-released salmon entered an upriver tributary after spending a median of 3–95 days annually in the reservoir. Data recovered from 61 archival temperature loggers indicated that salmon were ~3–6°C cooler per day in the reservoir than in the river. We estimated that cumulative exposure of reservoir-released fish was reduced by 64 degree days, on average (range=–129 to 392), relative to river-released fish. Release into the reservoir was not risk free; 14% of all reservoir-released fish fell back downstream v. 1% of river-released fish. We conclude that reduced transport distance, reduced thermal exposure and potential survival benefits of releasing salmon into reservoirs should be weighed against risks of factors such as fallback and homing errors.

Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Overwintering in the Upper Fraser River: Field and Laboratory Tests

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Rogers ◽  
J. A. Servizi ◽  
C. D. Levings
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
River Fish

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from August 1986 to March 1987 at stations near Prince George and Quesnel, influenced by sewage and pulp mill discharges. Maximum densities of 0.2 fish·mࢤ2 were recorded. Salmon were collected at reference sites in November 1986 and at Agassiz in April 1987. Fingerling chinook were exposed at 0.7°C to a commercial wood preservative containing 2,3,4,6 - tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the laboratory to simulate winter conditions in the upper Fraser River. Fish exposed for 62 days to 2 ug·Lࢤ1 contained a mean of 224 ng·gࢤ1 TeCP and 431 ng·gࢤ1 PCP. Chlorophenol uptake in feral fish was low. However, 3,4,5-trichloro-guaiacol levels to 304 ng·gࢤ1 and tetrachloroguaiacol values to 136 ng·gࢤ1 were measured in March. Fish from Agassiz, 518 km downstream of Quesnel, also contained these two substances. Thus chinook salmon can bioconcentrate persistent chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols directly from cold water (< 1°C). The biological consequences are uncertain.

Population viability of the Snake River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1442-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Emlen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
Best Fit

In the presence of historical data, population viability models of intermediate complexity can be parameterized and utilized to project the consequences of various management actions for endangered species. A general stochastic population dynamics model with density feedback, age structure, and autocorrelated environmental fluctuations was constructed and parameterized for best fit over 36 years of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd count data in five Idaho index streams. Simulations indicate that persistence of the Snake River spring chinook salmon population depends primarily on density-independent mortality. Improvement of rearing habitat, predator control, reduced fishing pressure, and improved dam passage all would alleviate density-independent mortality. The current value of the Ricker α should provide for a continuation of the status quo. A recovery of the population to 1957–1961 levels within 100 years would require an approximately 75% increase in survival and (or) fecundity. Manipulations of the Ricker β are likely to have little or no effect on persistence versus extinction, but considerable influence on population size.

Translating restoration scenarios into habitat conditions: an initial step in evaluating recovery strategies for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1578-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista K Bartz ◽  
Kerry M Lagueux ◽  
Mark D Scheuerell ◽  
Tim Beechie ◽  
Andrew D Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Imperiled Species

One of the challenges associated with recovering imperiled species, such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), is identifying a set of actions that will ensure species' persistence. Here we evaluate the effects of alternative land use scenarios on habitat conditions potentially important to Chinook salmon. We first summarize the alternative scenarios as target levels for certain land use characteristics. We then use the target levels to estimate changes in current habitat conditions. The scenarios we explore indicate considerable potential to improve both the quality and quantity of salmon habitat through protection and restoration. Results from this analysis constitute the habitat inputs to a population model linking changes in habitat to salmon population status. By transparently documenting the approach we use to translate land use actions into changes in salmon habitat conditions, we provide decision makers with a clear basis for choosing strategies to recover salmon.

scholarly journals Chinook salmon exhibit long-term rearing and early marine growth in the Fraser River, B.C., a large urban estuary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Chalifour ◽  
David C Scott ◽  
Misty MacDuffee ◽  
Steven Stark ◽  
John F Dower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Estuarine Habitat ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Brackish Marshes ◽  
Saline Habitats

Estuaries represent a transition zone for salmon migrating from freshwater to marine waters, yet their contribution to juvenile growth is poorly quantified. Here, we use genetic stock identification and otolith analyses to quantify estuarine habitat use by Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) – the Pacific salmon species considered most reliant on this habitat – in Canada’s most productive salmon river, the Fraser. Two years of sampling revealed subyearling migrant (“ocean-type”) Chinook from the Harrison River to be the estuary’s dominant salmon population throughout the emigration period. These Chinook salmon were caught predominantly in the estuary’s brackish marshes but shifted to more saline habitats as they grew. Otolith analyses indicated that these Chinook salmon have wide-ranging entry timing (from February to May), and longer estuarine residency (weeks to months, mean 41.8 days) than estimated by prior studies, but similar daily growth rates (mean 0.57 mm +/- 0.13 SD) across entry dates and residency periods, implying sufficient foraging opportunities throughout the emigration period and habitats. Together, these results suggest that estuarine habitat is more important for early marine growth of subyearling migrant Chinook salmon than previously recognized.

scholarly journals Protecting a displaced species in an altered river: a case study of the endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-188
Author(s):  
Erica M. Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sacramento River ◽  
Single Population ◽  
California Department ◽  
Salmon Recovery ◽  
Water Supply Management

Endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exist as a single population that spawns in the Sacramento River downstream of Shasta Dam near Redding, CA. Displaced from their historical habitat after dam construction circa 1940, their survival depends on cold water released from Shasta Reservoir. Managing and recovering the species is further complicated by their anadromous life history, habitat loss and degradation, largescale water supply management, and climate change. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife and other resource agencies coordinate closely to protect the species from extinction, confronting challenges with collaborative restoration and science-driven management. As climate change brings more frequent droughts, warmer weather, and increased variability in precipitation, Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon recovery will require greater collaboration and a shift to more holistic restoration actions that promote and maintain the diversity and resilience of the species and its habitats.

Thermal heterogeneity, stream channel morphology, and salmonid abundance in northeastern Oregon streams

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1266-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L Ebersole ◽  
William J Liss ◽  
Christopher A Frissell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Thermal Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity in stream water temperatures created by local influx of cooler subsurface waters into geomorphically complex stream channels was associated with increased abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in northeastern Oregon. The addition of cold water patch frequency and area as explanatory variables in salmonid habitat models indicated that doubling of cold water patch frequency was associated with increases in rainbow trout and chinook salmon abundances of 31% and 59%, respectively. Doubling of cold water patch area was associated with changes of 10% in rainbow trout abundance but was not associated with chinook abundance after accounting for other habitat factors. The physiognomy, distribution, and connectivity of cold water patches, important attributes determining the effectiveness of these habitats as thermal refuges for stream fishes, were associated with channel bedform and riparian features. Monitoring of thermal heterogeneity and salmonid populations in response to ongoing habitat restoration efforts will provide additional insights into causal relationships among these factors.

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