Influence of river speed on path selection by migrating adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Standen ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Peter S Rand
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Current Speed ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Ground Speed

We applied stereovideographic techniques to investigate path selection, ground speed, and swimming speed in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) ascending the Seton River, British Columbia. We tracked three-dimensional trajectories of salmon through 10 reaches and characterized the current profile at each site. At sites with relatively slow currents, the encountered river current speeds along the fish's trajectory were significantly lower than the mean current speed of the site. However, at higher current speed sites, fish experienced current speeds at or above the average current speed of the site and increased their ground speed through these sites. Observed in situ swimming speeds were 1.4–76.0 times greater than swimming speeds expected based on tailbeat frequency – swimming speed predictive relationships established in flume studies. We conclude that (i) at sites with relatively slow or moderate current speeds, fish minimize exposure to high-speed currents to minimize energy expenditure, (ii) at sites with high-speed currents, fish may change their migration strategy, minimizing time spent searching for low current speed pathways and increasing their ground speed to expedite passage, and (iii) laboratory-derived predictive equations may only be appropriate for predicting in situ swimming costs at sites with moderate and linearly flowing currents.

Estimated swimming speeds of migrating adult sockeye salmon

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2160-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Current Speed ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking

Laboratory studies have indicated that the most efficient swimming speeds for adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are about 1.8 km/h, corresponding to 0.82 body length/s. Swimming is relatively efficient within the range of 1.0–2.6 km/h. To estimate the actual swimming speeds of migrants, ultrasonic tracking data for the ground speeds of 25 sockeye salmon returning to the Fraser River, British Columbia, were combined with simultaneous current speed data from drogues. There was significant variation in speed among fish but all estimates were within the range predicted from experimental results. The average estimated swimming speed, 66.75 cm/s (2.40 km/h) corresponded to 1.0 body length/s.

5′-Nucleotidase of Testes of Immature Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2007
Author(s):  
Linda J. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Single Peak ◽  
Nucleotidase Activity ◽  
Activity Curve

Fifty percent of the salmon 5′-nucleotidase is in the soluble fraction after high-speed centrifugation. A threefold purification on a Sephadex G-200 column gives a specific activity of 0.5 μmoles UMP hydrolyzed per hour per milligram of protein. The pH activity curve gives a single peak with an optimum at pH 9.0 MgCl2, CaCl2, and MnSO4 increase the activity whereas Zn acetate, Ni acetate, and CoSO4 inhibit the enzyme. EDTA, KF 2-mercaptoethanol, and dithiothreitol inhibit the nucleotidase activity. It is stable for up to 1 week at 0 C and up to 2 hr at 35 C, but activity decreases to 50% after 15 min at 50 C and no activity is left after 15 min at 60 C. The nucleotidase shows greatest activity towards 5′-nucleotides; 2′(3′) nucleotides and 5′-deoxynucleotides are hydrolyzed less effectively. Ribose-5-phosphate and p-nitrophenylphosphate are hydrolyzed, but no activity is exhibited against fructose-1-phosphate and α-glycerophosphate.

scholarly journals The assessment of the adult escapement of the Ozernaya River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with the hydroacustic method

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (56) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
K. M. Malykh ◽  
D. V. Demchenko ◽  
V. A. Dubynin ◽  
M. N. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
In Situ Testing ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Imaging Sonar ◽  
Echo Sounder

Results of in situ testing of BioSonics DT-X and Didson hydroacustic systems set on migrating path to spawning grounds of adult sockeye salmon in the Ozernaya River are presented. Two million 374 thousand fishes was recognized and counted for the whole working period of the systems, including one million 276 thousand individuals registered by BioSonics DT-X echo-sounder and 1 million 98 thousand – by Didson imaging sonar. The data on the assessment of Pacific salmon escapement in the Ozernaya River allow to make recommendations on the use of the BioSonics DT-X and Didson hydroacustic systems as a tool for assessment of Pacific salmon escapement in rivers of Kamchatka.

The Relation of Size to Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Sustained Swimming Speed of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The relation of size (log weight, g) to metabolic rate (log O2-uptake, mg O2/hr) of sockeye salmon was found to have a continuous change in slope (0.78–0.97) with increasing activity at 15 C.The slope of the equation relating the 60-min sustained swimming speed (log speed, cm/sec) to length (cm) had a value of 0.50, demonstrating a rapid decrease in relative performance with increasing size.

scholarly journals Prolonged swimming, recovery and repeat swimming performance of mature sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to moderate hypoxia and pentachlorophenol.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (14) ◽  
pp. 2183-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Farrell ◽  
A K Gamperl ◽  
I K Birtwell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Levels

Mature, wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) demonstrated their remarkable stamina and recovery abilities by performing three consecutive critical swimming speed tests with only a 45 min interval for recovery between subsequent tests. Although the repeated swimming challenges were performed without a full recovery, normoxic fish swam just as well on the second swim, and the majority of fish swam only marginally more poorly on the third swim. In addition, metabolic loading in these fish, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption, ventilation rate and plasma lactate levels during recovery, did not appear to be cumulative with successive swims. Fish, however, did not recover as well after a similar level of initial swimming performance under moderately hypoxic conditions (water PO2>100 mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.1333 kPa). Four out of the five fish did not swim again and their high plasma lactate levels indicated a greater anaerobic effort. In another group of fish, metabolic loading (elevated control rates of oxygen consumption) was induced with an overnight sublethal exposure to pentachlorophenol, but these fish swam as well as normoxic fish on the first swim, and five of the six fish swam for a third time at a marginally lower critical swimming speed. In contrast to expectations, pentachlorophenol pretreatment and moderate hypoxia were not additive in their effects. Instead, the effects resembled those of pentachlorophenol pretreatment alone. The results are discussed in terms of what aspects of fatigue might impair the repeat swimming performance of sockeye salmon.

In situ experimental evaluation of tag burden and gill biopsy reveals survival impacts on migrating juvenile sockeye salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1865-1869
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Bass ◽  
Christine F. Stevenson ◽  
Aswea D. Porter ◽  
Erin L. Rechisky ◽  
Nathan B. Furey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Receiver Array ◽  
Design Experiments ◽  
Tagging Effects

Although telemetry is commonly used to study fishes, researchers rarely design experiments that facilitate in situ quantification of tagging-related impacts to survival. We experimentally applied high (mean burden = 9.6%) and low (2.6%) acoustic tag burdens and gill clip biopsies to migrating juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Mortality from release to the last marine receiver array was 1.51 times greater for the high tag burden group (25% surviving) compared with the low burden group (40% surviving). A biopsy effect was limited to the first migration segment (14 km), where mortality was 1.86 times greater for biopsied fish. These results demonstrate the importance of quantifying biopsy and tagging effects when survival estimates are prioritized.

Respiratory Metabolism and Swimming Performance of the Squid, Loligo opalescens

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. O'Dor
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Oxygen Debt ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Loligo Opalescens ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Low Efficiency

Maximum sustainable and burst speed, standard and active metabolic rates, and metabolic scope at temperatures from 7.5 to 17.5 °C were determined for the squid, Loligo opalescens, with a Brett tunnel respirometer. A comparison with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of similar size at 15 °C indicates that squid have higher standard and active rates (254 and 862 mL O2∙kg−1∙h−1), but have sustainable speeds half those of salmon (0.36 m∙s−1). This confirms the low efficiency of jet-propelled swimming, and the resultant high cost of transport (12.5 J∙kg−1∙m−1; nearly 5 times that of salmon) raises interesting questions about how and why squid make large-scale vertical and horizontal migrations and the tactics they use to compete with fish that are both their predators and prey. Burst speeds after several maximal jets do not appear to be significantly greater than the peak speed after a single jet suggesting squid must depend primarily on maneuverability and high acceleration rather than high speed. A low capacity for accumulating an oxygen debt (73 mL O2∙kg−1) confirms predictions based on biochemical evidence. This debt is approximately equal to the energy needed to rephosphorylate muscle phosphagens.Key words: squid, swimming, oxygen consumption, oxygen debt, Loligo opalescens, metabolic rate, salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

An atomic-resolution microscope study of Al contracts on GaAs

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Z. Liliental-Weber ◽  
C. Nelson ◽  
R. Ludeke ◽  
R. Gronsky ◽  
J. Washburn
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Schottky Contacts ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semiconductor Interfaces ◽  
Deposited Metal ◽  
Microwave Applications ◽  
Free Interfaces ◽  
Potential Use

The properties of metal/semiconductor interfaces have received considerable attention over the past few years, and the Al/GaAs system is of special interest because of its potential use in high-speed logic integrated optics, and microwave applications. For such materials a detailed knowledge of the geometric and electronic structure of the interface is fundamental to an understanding of the electrical properties of the contact. It is well known that the properties of Schottky contacts are established within a few atomic layers of the deposited metal. Therefore surface contamination can play a significant role. A method for fabricating contamination-free interfaces is absolutely necessary for reproducible properties, and molecularbeam epitaxy (MBE) offers such advantages for in-situ metal deposition under UHV conditions

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved Experimental Modal Analysis on High-Speed Composite Rotors Using a Non-Contact, Non-Rotating Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4705
Author(s):  
Julian Lich ◽  
Tino Wollmann ◽  
Angelos Filippatos ◽  
Maik Gude ◽  
Juergen Czarske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Vibration Responses ◽  
And Performance

Due to their lightweight properties, fiber-reinforced composites are well suited for large and fast rotating structures, such as fan blades in turbomachines. To investigate rotor safety and performance, in situ measurements of the structural dynamic behaviour must be performed during rotating conditions. An approach to measuring spatially resolved vibration responses of a rotating structure with a non-contact, non-rotating sensor is investigated here. The resulting spectra can be assigned to specific locations on the structure and have similar properties to the spectra measured with co-rotating sensors, such as strain gauges. The sampling frequency is increased by performing consecutive measurements with a constant excitation function and varying time delays. The method allows for a paradigm shift to unambiguous identification of natural frequencies and mode shapes with arbitrary rotor shapes and excitation functions without the need for co-rotating sensors. Deflection measurements on a glass fiber-reinforced polymer disk were performed with a diffraction grating-based sensor system at 40 measurement points with an uncertainty below 15 μrad and a commercial triangulation sensor at 200 measurement points at surface speeds up to 300 m/s. A rotation-induced increase of two natural frequencies was measured, and their mode shapes were derived at the corresponding rotational speeds. A strain gauge was used for validation.

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