Variations in pallial organs and eulatero-frontal cirri in response to high particulate matter concentrations in the oyster Crassostrea gigas

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Barillé ◽  
Joël Haure ◽  
Bruno Cognie ◽  
Anne Leroy
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Geographical Scale ◽  
Japanese Oyster ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
The Mean

Variations in gill, palp, and adductor muscle areas and in the length and spacing of eulatero-frontal cirri (EFC) were investigated in specimens of the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) within the same bay in two nearby sites (15 km) differing in turbidity. Significant variations occurred on a small geographical scale. In particular, individuals from the higher turbidity zone had smaller gills and larger labial palps. For a standard oyster (1 g dry body weight), gill area was 25% larger in oysters from the low-turbidity zone, while palp area was 66% larger in oysters from the high-turbidity zone. No difference was observed for total adductor muscle area. Intersite differences in the mean length of EFC and in the distance between two adjacent cirri sampled on ordinary filaments in the midregion of the gill were studied by image analysis. Cirri tended to be longer and more evenly spaced in oysters from the higher turbidity zone, although differences were not significant at the 5% probability level. The geometric characteristics of the EFC were apparently not modified in response to high turbidity, although the wide individual variability observed may have prevented detection of ciliary adaptation.

scholarly journals Proximity of the middle meningeal artery and maxillary artery to the mandibular head and mandibular neck as revealed by three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Schönegg ◽  
Raphael Ferrari ◽  
Julian Ebner ◽  
Michael Blumer ◽  
Martin Lanzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Middle Meningeal Artery ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Maxillary Artery ◽  
Condylar Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meningeal Artery

Abstract Purpose The close topographic relationship between vascular and osseous structures in the condylar and subcondylar region and marked variability in the arterial course has been revealed by both imaging and cadaveric studies. This study aimed to verify the previously published information in a large sample and to determine a safe surgical region. Methods We analyzed the three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography images of 300 individuals. Results The mean distance between the middle meningeal artery and the apex of the condyle or the most medial point of the condyle was 18.8 mm (range: 11.2–25.9 mm) or 14.5 mm (range: 8.8–22.9 mm) respectively. The course of the maxillary artery relative to the lateral pterygoid muscle was medial in 45.7% of cases and lateral in 54.3%. An asymmetric course was evident in 66 patients (22%). The mean distance between the maxillary artery and condylar process at the deepest point of the mandibular notch was 6.2 mm in sides exhibiting a medial course (range: 3.7–9.8 mm) and 6.6 mm in sides exhibiting a lateral course (range: 3.9–10.4 mm). The distances were significantly influenced by age, gender, and the course of the maxillary artery. Conclusion Our study emphasizes the marked inter- and intra-individual variability of the maxillary and middle meningeal arterial courses. We confirmed the proximity of the arteries to the condylar process. Extensive surgical experience and thorough preparation for each individual case are essential to prevent iatrogenic vascular injury.

scholarly journals Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furkan Dindaroğlu ◽  
Gökhan Serhat Duran ◽  
Serkan Görgülü ◽  
Enver Yetkiner
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Deviation Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT Objective:  To assess the range of social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Materials and Methods:  Social smile images of white adolescents (N  =  15, mean age  =  15.4 ±1.5 years; range  =  14–17 years) were obtained using 3dMDFlex (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga). Each participant was asked to produce 16 social smiles at 3-minute intervals. All images were obtained in natural head position. Alignment of images, segmentation of smile area, and 3-D deviation analysis were carried out using Geomagic Control software (3D Systems Inc, Cary, NC). A single image was taken as a reference, and the remaining 15 images were compared with the reference image to evaluate positive and negative deviations. The differences between the mean deviation limits of participants with the highest and the lowest deviations and the total mean deviations were evaluated using Bland-Altman Plots. Results:  Minimum and maximum deviations of a single image from the reference image were 0.34 and 2.69 mm, respectively. Lowest deviation between two images was within 0.5 mm and 1.54 mm among all participants (mean, 0.96 ± 0.21 mm), and the highest deviation was between 0.41 mm and 2.69 mm (mean, 1.53 ± 0.46 mm). For a single patient, when all alignments were considered together, the mean deviation was between 0.32 ± 0.10 mm and 0.59 ± 0.24 mm. Mean deviation for one image was between 0.14 and 1.21 mm. Conclusions:  The range of reproducibility of the social smile presented individual variability, but this variation was not clinically significant or detectable under routine clinical observation.

Pathological changes by Eosinophilic Rickettsia-like organism in Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas

2019 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 107248
Author(s):  
Liliana Carvalho-Saucedo ◽  
Ilie S. Racotta ◽  
Citlali Guerra-Danielsen
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Japanese Oyster

scholarly journals Multilevel growth curve models that incorporate a random coefficient model for the level 1 variance function

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 3478-3491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Goldstein ◽  
George Leckie ◽  
Christopher Charlton ◽  
Kate Tilling ◽  
William J Browne
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Variance Function ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
The Mean

Aim To present a flexible model for repeated measures longitudinal growth data within individuals that allows trends over time to incorporate individual-specific random effects. These may reflect the timing of growth events and characterise within-individual variability which can be modelled as a function of age. Subjects and methods A Bayesian model is developed that includes random effects for the mean growth function, an individual age-alignment random effect and random effects for the within-individual variance function. This model is applied to data on boys’ heights from the Edinburgh longitudinal growth study and to repeated weight measurements of a sample of pregnant women in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Results The mean age at which the growth curves for individual boys are aligned is 11.4 years, corresponding to the mean ‘take off’ age for pubertal growth. The within-individual variance (standard deviation) is found to decrease from 0.24 cm2 (0.50 cm) at 9 years for the ‘average’ boy to 0.07 cm2 (0.25 cm) at 16 years. Change in weight during pregnancy can be characterised by regression splines with random effects that include a large woman-specific random effect for the within-individual variation, which is also correlated with overall weight and weight gain. Conclusions The proposed model provides a useful extension to existing approaches, allowing considerable flexibility in describing within- and between-individual differences in growth patterns.

scholarly journals Pupil Function in Pseudophakia: Proximal Miosis Behavior and Optical Influence

Photonics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Fonseca ◽  
Paulo Fiadeiro ◽  
Renato Gomes ◽  
Angel Sanchez Trancon ◽  
António Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Distant Object ◽  
Object Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

The pseudophakic eye lacks the ability to produce a refractive change in response to object proximity. Thus, individual anatomical features such as the pupil size play an important role in achieving functional vision levels. In this work, the range of pupil sizes at varying object distance was measured in pseudophakic participants. Furthermore, the impact of the measured values on eye optical quality was investigated using a computer simulation model. A binocular eye-tracker was used to measure the participants’ pupil sizes at six object distances, ranging from 0.33 m (i.e., vergence of 3.00 D) to 3.00 m (i.e., vergence of 0.33 D), while observing a Maltese cross with a constant angular size of 1 ∘ . In total, 58 pseudophakic participants were enrolled in this study (age mean ± standard deviation: 70.5 ± 11.3 years). The effects of object distance and age on pupil size variation were investigated using linear mixed effects regression models. Age was found to have a small contribution to individual variability. The mean infinite distance pupil size (intercept) was 4.45 ( 95 % CI: 2.74, 6.17) mm and the mean proximal miosis (slope) was − 0.23 ( 95 % CI: −0.53, 0.08) mm/D. The visual acuity (VA) estimation for a distant object ranged from − 0.1 logMAR (smallest pupil) to 0.04 logMAR (largest pupil) and the near VA ( 0.33 m) when mean proximal miosis was considered ranged from 0.28 logMAR (smallest pupil) to 0.42 logMAR (largest pupil). When mean distance pupil was considered, proximal miosis individual variability produced a variation of 0.04 logMAR for the near object and negligible variation for the distant object. These results support the importance of distance pupil size measurement for the prediction of visual performance in pseudophakia, while suggesting that proximal miosis has a negligible impact in VA variability.

Carrier-borne epidemics in a community consisting of different groups

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Becker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variability ◽  
Epidemic Outbreak ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

A model for the spread of a carrier-borne disease is considered which allows for individual variability. The solutions are used to study the effect of relaxing the assumption of ‘homogeneous mixing’. It is shown that the mean size of an epidemic outbreak is a minimum when the individuals are homogeneous.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Intermuscular Fat and Physical Performance Is Moderated by Muscle Area in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Samaneh Farsijani ◽  
Adam J Santanasto ◽  
Iva Miljkovic ◽  
Robert M Boudreau ◽  
Bret H Goodpaster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Age-related deposition of fat in skeletal muscle is associated with functional limitations. Skeletal muscle fat may be present in people with preserved muscle mass or accompanied by muscle wasting. However, it is not clear if the association between muscle fat deposition and physical performance is moderated by muscle mass. Objective To determine whether the association between midthigh intermuscular fat and physical performance is moderated by muscle area. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Health, Aging, and, Body Composition (ABC) study data collected in 2002–2003 (n = 1897, women: 52.2%). Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area (by computed tomography) and physical performance measures were compared across quartiles of intermuscular fat absolute area. Moderation analysis was performed to determine the conditional effect of intermuscular fat on physical performance as a function of muscle area. Conditional effects were evaluated at three levels of muscle area (mean and ± 1 standard deviation [SD]; 213.2 ± 53.2 cm2). Results Simple slope analysis showed that the negative association between intermuscular fat area (cm2) and leg strength (N·m) was of greater magnitude (beta coefficient [b], 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.288 [−0.427, −0.148]) in participants with greater muscle area (ie, 1 SD above the mean) compared to those with lower muscle area (ie, at mean [b = −0.12 {−0.248, 0.008}] or 1 SD below the mean [b = 0.048 {−0.122, 0.217}]). Similarly, the negative association of intermuscular fat with 400-m walk speed (m/s) and chair stand (seconds) was greater in those with higher muscle areas (p < .001) compared to those with lower muscle areas. Conclusions The association between higher intermuscular fat area and impaired physical function in aging is moderated by muscle area.

scholarly journals Aerodynamic Properties of Makhobeli, Triticale and Wheat Seeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feizollah Shahbazi ◽  
Saman Valizadeh ◽  
Ali Dowlatshah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Content Range ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract The objective of this study was the evaluation of the aerodynamic properties of Makhobeli, triticale and wheat seeds as a function of moisture content from 7 to 27% (w.b). The results showed that the terminal velocity of triticale and wheat seeds increased linearly from 5.37 to 6.42 and from 6.31 to 8.02 m s-1, respectively, as the moisture content increased from 7 to 27%. Over this same moisture content range, the terminal velocity of Makhobeli seeds varied following a polynomial relationship from 4.52 to 5.07 m s-1. Makhobeli seeds had terminal velocities with a mean value of 4.73 m s-1, at different moisture contents, compared to the mean values of 5.89 and 7.13 m s-1 for triticale and wheat seeds, respectively. The mean value of drag coefficient was 1.12 for Makhobeli compared to the values of 0.92 and 0.85 for triticale and wheat, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between the terminal velocity (at 1 % probability level) and drag coefficient (at 5% probability level) of Mak-hobeli with triticale and wheat seeds, which suggests that aerodynamic separation of Makhobeli from triticale and wheat is possible.

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