Exotic Asian pheretimoid earthworms (Amynthas spp., Metaphire spp.): Potential for colonisation of south-eastern Canada and effects on forest ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Moore ◽  
Josef H. Görres ◽  
John W. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Species Invasions

Exotic species invasions are among the most significant global-scale problems caused by human activities. They can seriously threaten the conservation of biological diversity and of natural resources. Exotic European earthworms have been colonizing forest ecosystems in northeastern United States and southern Canada since the European settlement. By comparison, Asian earthworms began colonizing forests in the northeastern United States more recently. Since Asian species have biological traits compatible with a greater potential for colonization and disturbance than some European species, apprehension is growing about their dispersal into new territories. Here we review the extent of the current northern range of Asian earthworms in northeastern North America, the factors facilitating or limiting their propagation and colonization, and the potential effects of their invasion on forest ecosystems. Data compilation shows that Asian earthworms are present in all northeastern American states. So far, only one mention has been reported in Canada. Data confirm that their distribution has now reached the Canadian border, particularly along the Michigan–Ontario, New York–Ontario, Maine–New Brunswick, and Vermont–Québec frontiers. Studies report that the presence of Asian earthworms is strongly associated with human activities such as horticulture, vermicomposting, and the use of worms as fish bait. Some climatic (temperature, soil moisture) and edaphic (soil pH) factors may also influence their distribution. Controlling their dispersal at the source is essential to limiting their spread, as there is currently no effective way to eradicate established earthworm populations without unacceptable nontarget effects. Proposed management options in the United States include the prohibition of fish bait disposal and better management of the international trade of horticultural goods, commercial nurseries, and vermicomposting industries. We conclude that although regulations and awareness may delay their expansion, Asian earthworms are likely to spread further north into Canada. They are expected to cause important changes to biodiversity and dynamics of the newly invaded forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals La contrebande des produits du tabac au Canada entre 1985 et 1994 et le cas particulier du Québec

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Alain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

The professional smuggling of mass consumption products develops when demand for a product is not adequately fulfilled by the legitimate market. The difficulties encountered in supplying are, in most contemporary cases, caused by real rarity of the desired product. For other cases, however, the rarity is largely virtual in that government taxes aimed at the product in question lead to increasing the product's price to a prohibitive end. This was the case with cigarettes in Canada between 1985 and 1994. Before both, the federal and provincial, governments decided to drastically decrease cigarette taxes in February 1994, the price for a pack of cigarettes was five to six times higher than the same product in the United States. This article begins with a brief review of the contribution made by economists in regard to contemporary smuggling. Focus will be aimed at common characteristics of the smuggling phenomenon across the world. Elements which are more particular to the Canadian smuggling situation will be identified as well. While the difference in the price of cigarettes between Canada and the United States would seem to be the undeniable driving force behind the development of smuggling activities at the countries ' border, one key question remains unexplained. Why was the volume of contraband unequally distributed across Canada even though the price of cigarettes remained largely consistent throughout all provinces? The level of organization of smuggling networks was much higher in Eastern Canada, and particularly in Quebec, than it was in the western provinces. It is argued that the reasons for this are not only due to price, but to a series of political, historical, and geographical factors which allowed cigarette smugglers to function better in Quebec than in the rest of the country.

scholarly journals Exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States: Biology, Ecology, and Strategies for Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L Schappach ◽  
Rayda K Krell ◽  
Victoria L Hornbostel ◽  
Neeta P Connally
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Multiple Pathogens

Abstract The Asian longhorned tick (ALT), Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), is a three-host tick that was first detected outside of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quarantine in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 2017 and subsequently found in another 14 states. In its native Asia, and where it has become established in Australia and New Zealand, ALTs feed on a variety of hosts and are economically important livestock pests and competent vectors of multiple pathogens to humans and other animals. The degree to which ALT will become a persistent livestock pest or competent vector for introduced or existing pathogens in the United States is yet unclear. Because of its vast host availability, ability to reproduce asexually, known vector competence, and the presence of multiple life stages on hosts, the expansion of ALT establishment in the United States is expected, and is a significant public health and veterinary concern. In this paper, we discuss the biology, geographical distribution, life cycle and seasonal activity, reproduction, identification, medical and veterinary implications, management options, and future concerns in the United States.

scholarly journals Fungicide Rotation Programs for Managing Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Watermelon in Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar (Shaker) S. Kousik ◽  
Pingsheng Ji ◽  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Before And After

About 50% of the watermelons in the United States are produced in the southeastern states, where optimal conditions for development of Phytophthora fruit rot prevail. Phytophthora fruit rot significantly limits watermelon production by causing serious yield losses before and after fruit harvest. Efficacy of fungicide rotation programs and Melcast-scheduled sprays for managing Phytophthora fruit rot was determined by conducting experiments in Phytophthora capsici-infested fields at three locations in southeastern United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The mini seedless cultivar Wonder and seeded cultivar Mickey Lee (pollenizer) were used. Five weekly applications of fungicides were made at all locations. Significant fruit rot (53 to 91%, mean 68%) was observed in the nontreated control plots in all three years (2013 to 2015) and across locations. All fungicide rotation programs significantly reduced Phytophthora fruit rot compared with nontreated controls. Overall, the rotation of Zampro alternated with Orondis was highly effective across three locations and two years. Rotations of Actigard followed by Ranman+Ridomil Gold, Presidio, V-10208, and Orondis, or rotation of Revus alternated with Presidio were similarly effective. Use of Melcast, a melon disease-forecasting tool, may occasionally enable savings of one spray application without significantly impacting control. Although many fungicides are available for use in rotations, under very heavy rain and pathogen pressure, the fungicides alone may not offer adequate protection; therefore, an integrated approach should be used with other management options including well-drained fields.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora infestans Genotype US23 Causing Late Blight in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 873-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Kawchuk ◽  
R. J. Howard ◽  
R. D. Peters ◽  
K. I. Al-Mughrabi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Metalaxyl Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Late blight is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and is one of the most devastating diseases of potato and tomato. Late blight occurs in all major potato- and tomato-growing regions of Canada. Its incidence in North America increased during 2009 and 2010 (2). Foliar disease symptoms appeared earlier than usual (June rather than July) and coincided with the identification of several new P. infestans genotypes in the United States, each with unique characteristics. Prior to 2007, isolates collected from potato and tomato crops were mainly US8 or US11 genotypes (1). However, P. infestans populations in the United States have recently experienced a major genetic evolution, producing isolates with unique genotypes and epidemiological characteristics in Florida and throughout the northeastern states (2). Recent discoveries of tomato transplants with late blight for sale at Canadian retail outlets prompted an examination of the genotypes inadvertently being distributed and causing disease in commercial production areas in Canada. Analysis of isolates of P. infestans from across Canada in 2010 identified the US23 genotype for the first time from each of the four western provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia) but not from eastern Canada. Allozyme banding patterns at the glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi) locus indicated a 100/100 profile consistent with US6 and US23 genotypes (4). Mating type assays confirmed the isolates to be A1 and in vivo metalaxyl sensitivity was observed. Restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of 50 isolates from western Canada with the multilocus RG57 sequence and EcoRI produced the DNA pattern 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 24a, 25 that was indicative of US23 (3). The recently described P. infestans genotype US23 appears to be more aggressive on tomato, and although isolates were recovered from both tomato and potato, disease symptoms were often more severe on tomato. Results indicate that movement and evolution of new P. infestans genotypes have contributed to the increased incidence of late blight and that movement of the pathogen on retail plantlets nationally and internationally may provide an additional early season source of inoculum. A major concern is that the introduced new A1 populations in western Canada have established a dichotomy with the endogenous A2 populations in eastern Canada, increasing the potential for sexual recombination producing oospores and additional genotypes should these populations merge. References: (1) Q. Chen et al. Am. J. Potato Res. 80:9, 2003. (2) K. Deahl. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 100(suppl.):S161, 2010. (3) S. B. Goodwin et al. Curr. Genet. 22:107, 1992. (4) S. B. Goodwin et al. Phytopathology 88:939, 2004.

Coleopteran Pests: Family Scarabaeidae

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-173
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Vittum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Large Complex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
General Appearance

This chapter studies Coleopteran pests. The larvae of turfgrass-infesting species of the family Scarabaeidae constitute a large complex whose members (white grubs) are similar in general appearance, in habits, and in the turfgrass damage they cause. At least 10 species of scarabs, belonging to five subfamilies, are pests of turfgrass in the United States. The larvae of this family are known also as grubs, a term applied to the larvae of several Coleoptera (beetles) and Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) in general. Grubs of the Scarabaeidae are the most serious turfgrass pests in the northeastern United States, and are considered a major pest in the Midwest, Southeast, and parts of the southwestern United States. Their subterranean habits make them among the most difficult of turfgrass insects to manage.

upstream portion of a river basin can also extend For example, the supply of some economic good ldo ownstream as reduced streamflow may result in (e.g., water, hay, hydroelectric power) is weather n lo o c we tateirorxness , erevvoeinratnhdouggrhoum ndwater levels at downstream dependent. In most instances, the dema ist in this portion oef te tohreolboagsiicna . lRde ro duug ct h io tndsoe in sagn oo d d /o irsipnecrrecaasp in it gaacsoansru es mup lt tioofni . n T cr heearse in fo grnpd for tha e, opdu ro la utg io hnt reservoir and groundwater levels in downstream could be defined as occurring when the demand for tppuob rt liiocns of th duction, wraetcerre basin e at siuopnp , l ie msa , y h re ysdurlote in s transportati loenc , terr ic io us p o im w pacts on that good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-ot agricultu erre , parnod ­ rceelpatteodfsdurpopu ly ghstho su rt p fa plol rt ( sSatnhde fo srtd ro n1g97s9y ) m . b T io hsiissctohn at ­ m str heearms ectors. Conflicts between upstream and down­ exists between drought and human activities. Thus, 19 a9n4yfr wa o iv retrerb use an eaxsa in rss may mpl ienftrhree su U lt, as has been the case in the incidence of drought could increase be om th nei te MdisS so ta utreisR ( isveeerBOapsp in e ) r . cchha an ng gee in in so th ci e e ta flrevquu ln en er cayb il o it fytthoewpah te yrsischaolcaeuvseenot, faaw In h te errneartiivoen rs altrw an astceernddisnpau ti te osnaolfb te onrdaerriss , e su in chsiatsu atio rtages, or Middle East or between the United States ina th nesb ov o e th rg . r For example, nd increas aezs in o g il cea ro nsd io e n cr epao se oran la im nd a -l ucsaer ry pr in ac g tice , which exacerbates th ceaipsacsiu ty chanads Me T xi hceo . discussion up to this point has focused on the a es npdecviu al llnyerraeblielv it aynttoin fu t s ure droughts. This e m xa p m ac ptlseo is fodn is ste inctions between the types of drought during its Africa, Australia) and e in miaarre id a s re ogfiohnis ll y ( e o .g r ., sl Soopu in th g phase t or development pha drough otfd ty rpoeusgm ht a , y th deififnetre . rsree . l a During the termination terrain (e.g., Lesotho). understanding the termin Faitg io u ti roe nships between these During drought onset, agricul n tu p1h . a4se is sao ls fodurso ef uuglhitn .

Droughts ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 42-42
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Economic Good

Revision of Cardiophorus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) species of eastern Canada and United States of America

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hume Douglas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Eleven Species

AbstractAll Cardiophorus species found in Canada and the United States of America east of the Rocky Mountains are keyed and all but those with the majority of their ranges west of the Rocky Mountains are revised. Eleven species are recognized, three of which are new to science (C. catskillensissp. nov., C. destinensissp. nov., and C. panamapolissp. nov.). Cardiophorus floridae Candèze and C. angustatus Blanchard are synonymized under C. convexus (Say). All 11 are described and taxonomically important characters are presented. Distribution maps are presented for each species. The following lectotypes are designated for species that were described from more than one specimen without former holotype designation: C. angustatus, C. floridae, C. erythropus Erichson, C. gagates Erichson, C. togatus Horn, C. robustus LeConte, C. convexulus LeConte, and C. amictus Melsheimer. The following neotypes were designated to replace destroyed type specimens: C. cardisce (Say) and C. convexus.

Private Property Rights: The Development of Takings in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard J. Mangone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Public Nuisance ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Regulatory Powers ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractConstraints upon the uses of private property in the United States have increased very far beyond the doctrines of Grotius, Locke, Blackstone, and the framers of the Constitution. In the 19th century, both public nuisance limitations and eminent domain takings were applied to particular holdings, with the latter requiring compensation under the Fifth Amendment. The New Deal of the 1930s and the envirommental movement of the 1960s radically changed the relationship of government to private property. Sweeping economic reforms and the exercise of broad regulatory powers by public agencies for a clean environment and biological diversity led to a wholesale "taking" of private property without compensation. Recent cases of the Supreme Court involving wetlands and coastal property reveal the tensions that exist between sovereign power for the public good and the protection of individual property as a bulwark against arbitrary government.

Global capacity, potentials and trends of solid waste research and management

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Nwachukwu ◽  
Mersky Ronald ◽  
Huan Feng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Research Impacts ◽  
Global Capacity

In this study, United States, China, India, United Kingdom, Nigeria, Egypt, Brazil, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Australia, Canada and Mexico were selected to represent the global community. This enabled an overview of solid waste management worldwide and between developed and developing countries. These are countries that feature most in the International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management (ICSW) over the past 20 years. A total of 1452 articles directly on solid waste management and technology were reviewed and credited to their original country of research. Results show significant solid waste research potentials globally, with the United States leading by 373 articles, followed by India with 230 articles. The rest of the countries are ranked in the order of: UK > Taiwan > Brazil > Nigeria > Italy > Japan > China > Canada > Germany >Mexico > Egypt > Australia. Global capacity in solid waste management options is in the order of: Waste characterisation-management > waste biotech/composting > waste to landfill > waste recovery/reduction > waste in construction > waste recycling > waste treatment–reuse–storage > waste to energy > waste dumping > waste education/public participation/policy. It is observed that the solid waste research potential is not a measure of solid waste management capacity. The results show more significant research impacts on solid waste management in developed countries than in developing countries where economy, technology and society factors are not strong. This article is targeted to motivate similar study in each country, using solid waste research articles from other streamed databases to measure research impacts on solid waste management.

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