scholarly journals Recovery of aquatic and terrestrial populations in the context of European pesticide risk assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Kattwinkel ◽  
Matthias Liess ◽  
Maria Arena ◽  
Stephanie Bopp ◽  
Franz Streissl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ecological Modelling ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods

In the present review, we compiled and evaluated the available information supporting the assessment of population and community recovery after pesticide application. This information is crucial for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides. We reviewed more than 3900 manuscripts on those organism groups relevant or likely to become relevant for the risk assessment procedures in Europe, that is, aquatic invertebrates, algae, aquatic plants, fish, aquatic microbes, amphibians, as well as birds and mammals, non-target terrestrial arthropods including honeybees, non-arthropod invertebrates, terrestrial microbes, non-target terrestrial plants, nematodes, and reptiles. Finally, 106 aquatic and 76 terrestrial studies met our selection criteria and were evaluated in detail. We extracted the following general conclusions. (i) Internal recovery depends strongly on reproduction capacity. For aquatic invertebrates, recovery was generally observed within a maximum of five generation times. (ii) In cases where recovery occurred within one generation, migration from uncontaminated areas was identified as the main pathway for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, in particular, for insect species with the ability for aerial recolonization. (iii) Community composition in general did not recover within the study duration in the majority of cases. (iv) The ecological context, including factors such as food resources, habitat quality, and recolonization potential, is a crucial factor for recovery from pesticide effects. (v) Indirect effects acting through food chain processes, including predation and competition, are highly relevant for increasing the magnitude of effect and for prolonging recovery time. Based on our findings, we recommend defining realistic scenarios for risk assessment regarding exposure, taxa considered, environmental conditions, and ecological context. In addition to experimental studies, field monitoring was shown to yield valuable information to identify relevant taxa, long-term effects, and the conditions for recovery, and should therefore be considered to validate approaches of risk assessment. Likewise, ecological modelling was found to be a valuable tool for assessing recovery. Finally, both study design and interpretation of results still often suffer from missing ecological information or from neglect of the available knowledge. Hence, a more rigorous utilization of existing knowledge (e.g., from general disturbance ecology) and the generation of systematic ecological knowledge on the various factors influencing recovery are needed.

The origins of zooparasitic nematodes

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Nematode Fauna

Zooparasitic nematodes are derived from soil nematodes and parasitism apparently originated only after land animals appeared. A major line from soil dwelling rhabditids gave rise to the secernentean parasites, which constitute about 98% of all genera in vertebrates and about 80% of those in invertebrates. A minor line evolved from the predominantly soil-dwelling dorylaimids and gave rise to adenophorean parasites, including mermithoids, trichinelloids, and dioctophymatoids. Nematodes are common in terrestrial invertebrates but rare in aquatic invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans). The fauna in terrestrial vertebrates is rich and diversified. In contrast, the fish nematode fauna is limited. Only 17 families of nematodes occur in fishes and only 5 are unique to the fishes. No unique nematode superfamilies occur in fishes. The fish nematode fauna seems closely related to that in terrestrial vertebrates and is evidently derived from it since almost three quarters of the families are shared with those in terrestrial vertebrates. Transfer to fishes from terrestrial hosts during the course of evolution probably occurred mainly through heteroxeny and paratenesis; however, a few monoxenous forms (oxyuroids) from terrestrial arthropods became established in shallow water fishes. Only a few nematodes (i.e., mermithoids) transferred from terrestrial to aquatic invertebrates with the result that nematodes are extremely rare in freshwater and marine invertebrates. The nematode fauna of marine mammals is limited mainly to heteroxenous forms with affinities to nematodes of terrestrial mammals.

Lethal and long-term effects of landfill leachate on Eisenia andrei earthworms: Behavior, reproduction and risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 112029
Author(s):  
Sidney Fernandes Sales Junior ◽  
Camille Ferreira Mannarino ◽  
Daniele Maia Bila ◽  
Cláudio Ernesto Taveira Parente ◽  
Fábio Veríssimo Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4790
Author(s):  
Marcia P. Jimenez ◽  
Nicole V. DeVille ◽  
Elise G. Elliott ◽  
Jessica E. Schiff ◽  
Grete E. Wilt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects

There is extensive empirical literature on the association between exposure to nature and health. In this narrative review, we discuss the strength of evidence from recent (i.e., the last decade) experimental and observational studies on nature exposure and health, highlighting research on children and youth where possible. We found evidence for associations between nature exposure and improved cognitive function, brain activity, blood pressure, mental health, physical activity, and sleep. Results from experimental studies provide evidence of protective effects of exposure to natural environments on mental health outcomes and cognitive function. Cross-sectional observational studies provide evidence of positive associations between nature exposure and increased levels of physical activity and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, and longitudinal observational studies are beginning to assess long-term effects of nature exposure on depression, anxiety, cognitive function, and chronic disease. Limitations of current knowledge include inconsistent measures of exposure to nature, the impacts of the type and quality of green space, and health effects of duration and frequency of exposure. Future directions include incorporation of more rigorous study designs, investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the association between green space and health, advancement of exposure assessment, and evaluation of sensitive periods in the early life-course.

scholarly journals An Approach to Risk Assessment and Threat Prediction for Complex Object Security Based on a Predicative Self-Configuring Neural System

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Nikolai Vladimirovich Korneev ◽  
Julia Vasilievna Korneeva ◽  
Stasis Petrasovich Yurkevichyus ◽  
Gennady Ivanovich Bakhturin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Assessment Problems ◽  
First Time

We identified a set of methods for solving risk assessment problems by forecasting an incident of complex object security based on incident monitoring. The solving problem approach includes the following steps: building and training a classification model using the C4.5 algorithm, a decision tree creation, risk assessment system development, and incident prediction. The last system is a predicative self-configuring neural system that includes a SCNN (self-configuring neural network), an RNN (recurrent neural network), and a predicative model that allows for determining the risk and forecasting the probability of an incident for an object. We proposed and developed: a mathematical model of a neural system; a SCNN architecture, where, for the first time, the fundamental problem of teaching a perceptron SCNN was solved without a teacher by adapting thresholds of activation functions of RNN neurons and a special learning algorithm; and a predicative model that includes a fuzzy output system with a membership function of current incidents of the considered object, which belongs to three fuzzy sets, namely “low risk”, “medium risk”, and “high risk”. For the first time, we gave the definition of the base class of an object’s prediction and SCNN, and the fundamental problem of teaching a perceptron SCNN was solved without a teacher. We propose an approach to neural system implementation for multiple incidents of complex object security. The results of experimental studies of the forecasting error at the level of 2.41% were obtained.

On the Use of Checklists in Auditing: A Commentary

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. C1-C25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Efrim Boritz ◽  
Lev M. Timoshenko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Cue Combination ◽  
Assessment Task ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
Red Flag ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Fraud Risk Assessments

SUMMARYExperimental studies concerning fraud (or “red flag”) checklists often are interpreted as providing evidence that checklists are dysfunctional because their use yields results inferior to unaided judgments (Hogan et al. 2008). However, some of the criticisms leveled against checklists are directed at generic checklists applied by individual auditors who combine the cues using their own judgment. Based on a review and synthesis of the literature on the use of checklists in auditing and other fields, we offer a framework for effective use of checklists that incorporates the nature of the audit task, checklist design, checklist application, and contextual factors. Our analysis of checklist research in auditing suggests that improvements to checklist design and to checklist application methods can make checklists more effective. In particular, with regard to fraud risk assessments, customizing checklists to fit both client circumstances and the characteristics of the fraud risk assessment task, along with auditor reliance on formal cue-combination models rather than on judgmental cue combinations, could make fraud checklists more effective than extant research implies.

Development of Upper Extremity Finite Element Model for Elderly Female: Validated Against Dynamic Loading Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Hammad ◽  
Anil Kalra ◽  
Prashant Khandelwal ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
King H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Upper Extremities ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Elderly Female

Injuries to the upper extremities that are caused by dynamic impacts in crashes, including contact with internal instrument panels, has been a major concern, especially for smaller female occupants, and the problem worsens with increasing age due to reduced strength of the bones. From the analysis of 1988–2010 CDS unweighted data, it was found that risk of AIS ≥ 2 level for the arm was 58.2±20.6 percent higher in females than males, and the injury risk for a 75-year-old female occupant relative to a 21-year-old subjected to a similar physical insult was 4.2 times higher. Although injuries to upper extremities are typically not fatal, they can have long-term effects on overall quality of life. Therefore, it is important to minimize risks of injuries related to upper extremities, especially for elderly females, who are most at risk. Current anthropomorphic surrogates, like crash-test dummies, cannot be directly used to study injury limits, as these dummies were developed mainly to represent the younger population. The current study is focused on the development of a finite element (FE) model representing the upper extremity of an elderly female. This can be further used to analyze the injury mechanisms and tolerance limits for this vulnerable population. The FE mesh was developed through Computer Tomography (CT) scanned images of an elderly female cadaver, and the data included for validation of the developed model were taken from the experimental studies published in scientific literature, but only the data directly representing elderly females were used. It was found that the developed model could predict fractures in the long bones of elderly female specimens and could be further used for analyzing injury tolerances for this population. Further, it was determined that the developed segmental model could be integrated with the whole body FE model of the elderly female.

The influence of plant diversity on the resilience of harvester termites to fire

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Abensperg-Traun ◽  
Dion Steven ◽  
Lyn Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Food Species

The harvester termites in floristically rich mallee-heath of southern Western Australia appear resilient to high-intensity fire. This contrasts with the temporary extinction of harvesters occupying a narrow food niche in floristically simple, intensely burnt spinifex Triodia angusta grassland in tropical Western Australia. The present study examines the effects of high-intensity fire on harvester termites Drepanotermes tamminensis in vegetation of intermediate floristic diversity and compares its findings with these earlier studies. We sampled 20 mounds (termitaria) in both an unburnt and (adjacent) burnt stand of Allocasuarina campestris shrubland. Although partially regenerated three years after the fire, 40% of mounds in the burnt area were abandoned, contrasting with 10% in the unburnt stand. No harvested chaff was found in any of the abandoned mounds. The extent of mound occupation by D. tamminensis was considerably lower, and ant invasion higher, in the burnt stand. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that high floristic diversity enhances the resilience of harvester termites to fire. The most likely mechanism is the availability of a range of plant (food) species with different regenerative responses to high-intensity fire. The death of spinifex and the associated harvester termites after fire may be atypical. We argue, however, that temporary extinction of harvester populations in arid Australia may not be exceptional, particularly where fire coincides with drought and high livestock grazing pressure. Rigorous experimental studies are necessary to enhance our understanding of the long-term effects of fire on harvester termite populations in different vegetation types and climatic zones.

Modulation of amino acid neurotransmitter actions by other neurotransmitters: some examples

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Marshall ◽  
Huangui Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Developments in the field of central neurotransmission indicate that amino acids serve as important and widespread transmitters throughout the central nervous system. There are increasing indications from recent experimental studies that several of the other central neurotransmitters may exert potent effects on central neurons by modulating the actions of amino acids. Noradrenaline and serotonin have received particular attention as potential modulators, and a wide variety of actions has been reported for them. Modulatory actions have been reported at both pre- and post-synaptic levels, including both short- and long-term effects and facilitation or inhibition of amino acid actions. Selectivity has been found both for specific receptor subtypes of the neuromodulator and for specific effects of amino acids. Examples of such selectivity are modification of actions of an amino acid with little effect on spontaneous activity or membrane properties of the target cell, or in comparison to the actions of other neurotransmitters, or even other selective amino acid analogs. Modulatory actions on amino acids have also been reported for several other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and various peptides. Recent studies of angiotensin II demonstrate that when iontophoretically applied, it can potently and selectively block the depolarizing action of glutamate on locus coeruleus neurons. It is possible that physiological influences of these various transmitter substances are expressed through modification of amino acid actions, rather than through direct effects on central neurons.Key words: neuromodulation, neurotransmitters, glutamic acid, noradrenaline, angiotensin II.

Experimental studies on the long-term effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride

Toxicology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
June K. Dunnick ◽  
James R. Hailey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Early Life Exposure to Fructose and Offspring Phenotype: Implications for Long Term Metabolic Homeostasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Sloboda ◽  
Minglan Li ◽  
Rachna Patel ◽  
Zoe E. Clayton ◽  
Cassandra Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Fructose Intake ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Rising Incidence

The consumption of artificially sweetened processed foods, particularly high in fructose or high fructose corn syrup, has increased significantly in the past few decades. As such, interest into the long term outcomes of consuming high levels of fructose has increased significantly, particularly when the exposure is early in life. Epidemiological and experimental evidence has linked fructose consumption to the metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities—implicating fructose as a potential factor in the obesity epidemic. Yet, despite the widespread consumption of fructose-containing foods and beverages and the rising incidence of maternal obesity, little attention has been paid to the possible adverse effects of maternal fructose consumption on the developing fetus and long term effects on offspring. In this paper we review studies investigating the effects of fructose intake on metabolic outcomes in both mother and offspring using human and experimental studies.

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