Spatial and temporal trends in carbon storage of peatlands of continental western Canada through the Holocene

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale H Vitt ◽  
Linda A Halsey ◽  
Ilka E Bauer ◽  
Celina Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends

Peatlands of continental western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) cover 365 157 km2 and store 48.0 Pg of carbon representing 2.1% of the world's terrestrial carbon within 0.25% of the global landbase. Only a small amount, 0.10 Pg (0.2%) of this carbon, is currently stored in the above-ground biomass. Carbon storage in peatlands has changed significantly since deglaciation. Peatlands began to accumulate carbon around 9000 years ago in this region, after an initial deglacial lag. Carbon accumulation was climatically limited throughout much of continental western Canada by early Holocene maximum insolation. After 6000 BP, carbon accumulation increased significantly, with about half of current stores being reached by 4000 BP. Around 3000 BP carbon accumulation in continental western Canada began to slow as permafrost developed throughout the subarctic and boreal region and the current southern limit of peatlands was reached. Peatlands in continental western Canada continue to increase their total carbon storage today by 19.4 g m-2 year-1, indicating that regionally this ecosystem remains a large carbon sink.

Evaluating carbon storage in restoration plantings in the Tasmanian Midlands, a highly modified agricultural landscape

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
Keryn I. Paul ◽  
Neil J. Davidson ◽  
Mark J. Hovenden ◽  
Scott C. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
Remnant Forest

In recent years there have been incentives to reforest cleared farmland in southern Australia to establish carbon sinks, but the rates of carbon sequestration by such plantings are uncertain at local scales. We used a chronosequence of 21 restoration plantings aged from 6 to 34 years old to measure how above- and belowground carbon relates to the age of the planting. We also compared the amount of carbon in these plantings with that in nearby remnant forest and in adjacent cleared pasture. In terms of total carbon storage in biomass, coarse woody debris and soil, young restoration plantings contained on average much less biomass carbon than the remnant forest (72 versus 203 Mg C ha–1), suggesting that restoration plantings had not yet attained maximum biomass carbon. Mean biomass carbon accumulation during the first 34 years after planting was estimated as 4.2 ± 0.6 Mg C ha–1 year–1, with the 10th and 90th quantile regression estimates being 2.1 and 8.8 Mg C ha–1 year–1. There were no significant differences in soil organic carbon (0–30-cm depth) between the plantings, remnant forest and pasture, with all values in the range of 59–67 Mg ha–1. This is in line with other studies showing that soil carbon is slow to respond to changes in land use. Based on our measured rates of biomass carbon accumulation, it would require ~50 years to accumulate the average carbon content of remnant forests. However, it is more realistic to assume the rates will slow with time, and it could take over 100 years to attain a new equilibrium of biomass carbon stocks.

scholarly journals Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Simpanan Karbon Pada Berbagai Tipe Penggunaan Lahan Di Kabupaten Pesisir Barat Provinsi Lampung

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Dian Ariyanti ◽  
Nurheni Wijayanto ◽  
Iwan Hilwan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Vegetation Analysis ◽  
Coffee Plantation ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Vegetation is one factor that can decrease carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. The diversity of plant species in each land use has different abilities to absorb carbon in the atmosphere. This research was conducted in Pesisir Barat Regency of Lampung Province on 4 (four) types of land use, namely: (1) natural forest in Balai Kencana Resort, Bukit Barisan National Park (2) oil palm plantation in Pekon Marang, (3) coffee plantation in Pekon Suka Mulya, and (4) agroforestry of repong damar in Pekon Pahmungan. This reserach aims to analyze the diversity of plant species and to calculate the potential of plant carbon stock and carbon sequestration (above ground biomass) using alometric equations in various types of land use in Pesisir Barat Regency. The research method was vegetation analysis to learn about the diversity of plant species and calculation of carbon stock using alometric equations. The results showed that the composition of plant species in Bukit Barisan NP found 83 plant species belonging to 37 families, in the palm plantation found 9 plant species belonging to 8 families, in the coffee garden found 17 plant species belonging to 11 families, and in agroforestry of repong damar found 73 plant species belonging to 33 families. The total carbon stock potential was 376.16 ton/ha and carbon sequestrated. 1 257.20 ton/ha with the highest carbon uptake available at repong damar agroforestry site of 901.11 ton/ha.Keywords: aboveground biomass, carbon, diversity, pesisir barat regency

scholarly journals Carbon storage along altitudes in agrisilviculture system- Case study of Devprayag Block, Tehri District, Uttarakhand, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
K.K. Vikrant ◽  
D.S. Chauhan ◽  
R.H. Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Stock ◽  
Crop Biomass

Climate change is one of the impending problems that have affected the productivity of agroecosystems which calls for urgent action. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry along altitude in mountainous regions is one of the options to contribute to global climate change mitigation. Three altitudes viz. lower (286-1200m), middle (1200-2000m), and upper (2000-2800m) have been selected in Tehri district. Ten Quadrates (10m × 10 m) were randomly selected from each altitude in agrisilviculture system. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 30 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass, Non destructive method and for crop biomass assessment destructive method was employed. Finally, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass carbon (BGB), Total tree Biomass (TTB), Crop biomass (CB), Total Biomass (TB), Total biomass carbon (TBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result indicated that AGB, BGB, TTB, CB , TB, TBC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the altitudes. Results showed that total carbon stock followed the order upper altitude ˃ middle altitudes ˃ lower altitude. The upper altitude (2000-2800 m) AGB, BGB,TTB, TBC,SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 2.11 Mg ha-1 , 0.52 Mg ha-1, 2.63 Mg ha-1, 2.633 Mg ha-1, 1.18 Mg ha-1 , 26.53 Mg ha-1, 38.48 Mg ha-1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudes. It was concluded that agrisilviculture system hold a high potential for carbon storage at temperate zones. Quercus lucotrichophora, Grewia oppositifolia and Melia azadirach contributed maximum carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilient green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted.

Organic carbon storage in the biomass and soils of hedgerows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Drexler ◽  
Axel Don
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

&lt;p&gt;The establishment of hedgerows as traditional form of agroforestry in Europe is a promising strategy to promote carbon sinks in the context of climate change mitigation. However, only few studies quantified the potential of hedgerows to sequester and store carbon. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to gain a quantitative overview about the carbon storage in the above- and below-ground biomass and soils of hedgerows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil organic carbon (SOC) data of hedgerows and adjacent agricultural fields of nine studies with 83 hedgerow sites was compiled. On average, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland increased SOC by 32%. No significant differences were found between the SOC storage of hedgerows and that of grassland. The literature survey on the biomass carbon stocks of hedgerows resulted in 23 sampled hedgerows, which were supplemented by own biomass data of 49 hedgerows from northern Germany. Biomass stocks increased with time since last coppicing and hedgerow height. The mean (&amp;#177; SD) above-ground biomass carbon stock of the analysed hedgerows was 48 &amp;#177; 29 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Below-ground biomass values seemed mostly underestimated, as they were calculated from above-ground biomass via fixed assumed root:shoot ratios not specific for hedgerows. Only one study reported measured root biomass under hedgerows with a root:shoot ratio of 0.94:1 &amp;#177; 0.084. With this shoot:root ratio an average below-ground biomass carbon stock of 45 &amp;#177; 28 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;was estimated, but with high uncertainty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland could lead to a SOC sequestration of 1.0 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; over a 20-year period. Additionally, up to 9.4 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; could be sequestered in the hedgerow biomass over a 10 year period. In total, hedgerows store 106 &amp;#177; 41 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; more C than croplands. Our results indicate that organic carbon stored in hedgerows is similar high as in forests. We discuss how the establishment of hedgerows, especially on cropland, can thus be an effective option for C sequestration in agricultural landscapes, meanwhile enhance biodiversity, and soil protection.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Dynamics of Carbon Accumulation in Tropical Dry Forests under Climate Change Extremes

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Sofia Calvo-Rodriguez ◽  
G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa ◽  
Sandra M. Durán ◽  
Mario Marcos Do Espírito-Santo ◽  
Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Tropical Dry Forests ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Carbon Losses

We analyze here how much carbon is being accumulated annually by secondary tropical dry forests (TDFs) and how structure, composition, time since abandonment, and climate can influence the dynamics of forest carbon accumulation. The study was carried out in Santa Rosa National Park in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica and Mata Seca State Park in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Total carbon storage and carbon accumulation were obtained for both sites from the sum of the aboveground carbon and belowground carbon gain plus the annual litterfall. Carbon accumulation of these TDFs varied from 2.6 Mg C ha−1 y−1 to 6.3 Mg C ha−1 y−1, depending on the age of the forest stands. Time since abandonment and number of stems per plot were the best predictors for carbon storage, annual carbon gains, and losses. Mortality rates and carbon losses were also associated with seasonal climate variability. We found significant correlations between tree mortality, carbon losses and mean seasonal temperature, mean seasonal precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and the Oceanic Niño Index. Carbon dynamics in tropical dry forests are driven by time since abandonment and forest structure; however, rising temperature and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can have a significant impact on tree mortality and carbon losses. Depending on their location and land-use history, some dry forests are more impacted by climatic extremes than others, and differences between secondary stages are expected.

scholarly journals Tropical carbon sink accelerated by symbiotic dinitrogen fixation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Levy-Varon ◽  
Sarah A. Batterman ◽  
David Medvigy ◽  
Xiangtao Xu ◽  
Jefferson S. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Light Competition ◽  
Fixation Effect ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing Trees

AbstractA major uncertainty in the land carbon cycle is whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation acts to enhance the tropical forest carbon sink. Nitrogen-fixing trees can supply vital quantities of the growth-limiting nutrient nitrogen, but the extent to which the resulting carbon–nitrogen feedback safeguards ecosystem carbon sequestration remains unclear. We combine (i) field observations from 112 plots spanning 300 years of succession in Panamanian tropical forests, and (ii) a new model that resolves nitrogen and light competition at the scale of individual trees. Fixation doubled carbon accumulation in early succession and enhanced total carbon in mature forests by ~10% (~12MgC ha−1) through two mechanisms: (i) a direct fixation effect on tree growth, and (ii) an indirect effect on the successional sequence of non-fixing trees. We estimate that including nitrogen-fixing trees in Neotropical reforestation projects could safeguard the sequestration of 6.7 Gt CO2 over the next 20 years. Our results highlight the connection between functional diversity of plant communities and the critical ecosystem service of carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change.

scholarly journals Blue carbon stocks in Baltic Sea eelgrass (<i>Zostera marina</i>) meadows

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Emilia Röhr ◽  
Christoffer Boström ◽  
Paula Canal-Vergés ◽  
Marianne Holmer
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Over The Top

Abstract. Although seagrasses cover only a minor fraction of the ocean seafloor, their carbon sink capacity account for nearly one-fifth of the oceanic carbon burial and thus play a critical structural and functional role in many coastal ecosystems. We sampled 10 eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in Finland and 10 in Denmark to explore the seagrass carbon stocks (Corg stock) and the carbon accumulation (Corg accumulation) in the Baltic Sea area. The study sites represent a gradient from sheltered to exposed locations in both regions to reflect expected minimum and maximum stocks and accumulation. The Corg stock integrated over the top 25 cm of the sediment averaged 627g C m−2 in Finland, while in Denmark the average Corg stock was over six times higher (4324 g C m−2). A conservative estimate of the total carbon pool in the regions ranged between 8.6–46.2 t ha−1. Our results suggest that the Finnish eelgrass meadows are minor carbon sinks compared to the Danish meadows, and that majority of the Corg produced in the Finnish meadows is exported. Similarly, the estimates for Corg accumulation in eelgrass meadows in Finland (< 0.002–0.033 t C y−1) were over two orders of magnitude lower compared to Denmark (0.376–3.636 Corg t y−1). Our analysis further showed that > 40 % of the variation in the Corg stocks was explained by sediment characteristics (density, porosity and silt content). In addition, the DistLm analysis showed, that root: shoot- ratio of Z. marina explained > 12 % and contribution of Z. marina detritus to the sediment surface Corg pool > 10 % of the variation in the Corg stocks, whereas annual eelgrass production explained additional 2.3 %. The mean monetary value for the present carbon storage and sequestration capacity of eelgrass meadows at Finland and Denmark, were 346 and 1862 € ha−1, respectively. We conclude that in order to produce reliable estimates on the magnitude of eelgrass Corg stocks, Corg accumulation and the monetary value of these services, more Blue Carbon studies investigating the role of sediment biogeochemistry, seascape structure, plant species architecture and hydrodynamic regime for seagrass carbon storage capacity are in urgent need.

scholarly journals Patterns of Biomass, Carbon, and Soil Properties in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) Plantations with Different Stand Ages and Management Practices

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashfaq Ali ◽  
Adnan Ahmad ◽  
Kashif Akhtar ◽  
Mingjun Teng ◽  
Weisheng Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Pinus Massoniana Lamb

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) has been planted extensively in different parts of China for timber production and habitat restoration. The effects of stand age and management of these plantations on biomass, carbon storage, and soil physicochemical properties are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated biomass, carbon storage, and soil physicochemical properties of Masson pine plantations. The plantations were divided into four age groups (9, 18, 28, and 48 years), and into managed (MS) and unmanaged stands (UMS) in Hubei province, Central China. Tree biomass increased with stand age. A growth model indicated that maximum tree growth occurred when the plantations were 17 years old, and the average growth rate occurred when plantations were 23 years old. Tree biomass in managed stands was 9.75% greater than that in unmanaged ones. Total biomass carbon was estimated at 27.4, 86.0, 112.7, and 142.2 Mg ha−1, whereas soil organic carbon was 116.4, 135.0, 147.4, and 138.1 Mg ha−1 in 9-, 18-, 28-, and 48-year-old plantations, respectively. Total carbon content was 122.6 and 106.5 Mg ha−1, whereas soil organic carbon content was 104.9 and 115.4 Mg ha−1 in MS and UMS, respectively. Total carbon storage in the plantations studied averaged 143.7, 220.4, 260.1, and 280.3 Mg ha−1 in 9-,18-, 28-, and 48-year-old stands, and 227.3 and 222.4 Mg ha−1 in MS and UMS, respectively. The results of our study provide a sound basis for estimating ecosystem carbon as it relates to forest management activity and stand age.

scholarly journals The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia over the last two decades

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 4025-4066 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Piao ◽  
A. Ito ◽  
S. Li ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Accumulation

Abstract. This REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes regional study provides a synthesis of the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia, a region comprised of China, Japan, North- and South-Korea, and Mongolia. We estimate the current terrestrial carbon balance of East Asia and its driving mechanisms during 1990–2009 using three different approaches: inventories combined with satellite greenness measurements, terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle models and atmospheric inversion models. The magnitudes of East Asia's natural carbon sink from these three approaches are comparable: −0.264 ± 0.033 Pg C yr−1 from inventory-remote sensing model-data fusion approach, −0.393 ± 0.141 Pg C yr−1 (not considering biofuel emissions) or −0.204 ± 0.141 Pg C yr−1 (considering biofuel emissions) for carbon cycle models, and −0.270 ± 0.507 Pg C yr−1 for atmospheric inverse models. The ensemble of ecosystem modeling based analyses further suggests that at the regional scale, climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 together resulted in a carbon sink of −0.289 ± 0.135 Pg C yr−1, while land use change and nitrogen deposition had a contribution of −0.013 ± 0.029 Pg C yr−1 and −0.107 ± 0.025 Pg C yr−1, respectively. Although the magnitude of climate change effects on the carbon balance varies among different models, all models agree that in response to climate change alone, southern China experienced an increase in carbon storage from 1990 to 2009, while northern East Asia including Mongolia and north China showed a decrease in carbon storage. Overall, our results suggest that about 13–26% of East Asia's CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning have been offset by carbon accumulation in its terrestrial ecosystems over the period from 1990 to 2009. The underlying mechanisms of carbon sink over East Asia still remain largely uncertain, given the diversity and intensity of land management processes, and the regional conjunction of many drivers such as nutrient deposition, climate, atmospheric pollution and CO2 changes, which cannot be considered as independent for their effects on carbon storage.

scholarly journals Standing Crop Biomass and Carbon Content of Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. along the Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13996
Author(s):  
Kamal H. Shaltout ◽  
Mohamed T. Ahmed ◽  
Sulaiman A. Alrumman ◽  
Dalia A. Ahmed ◽  
Ebrahem M. Eid
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
The North ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

A number of Avicennia marina mangrove forests exist along the 1134 km stretch of the Saudi Red Sea coast. Three areas, one in each of the north, centre, and south of the coast, were selected for this investigation into the relationship between total biomass (above-ground, AGB, and below-ground, BGB), and biomass carbon stocks of A. marina, along the nutrient availability (combined with a salinity gradient). To estimate the total biomass stock, this research employed equations formulated through a regression approach. Various population characteristics (tree crown diameter, height, and density) and measurements of carbon (C) in the trees were captured, and other measurements were gathered to represent the environmental properties: electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) levels. With this data from the 21 stands and 7 sites of A. marina covered by the three locations chosen along the coast, it was concluded that a discernible influence is exerted by the concentrations of TP and TN in the sea water and sediments over the population characteristics of this plant. The resulting estimates also demonstrated a steady increase in total biomass and total biomass carbon storage from the mangroves in the north toward the south, with values changing overall from 197.9 to 1188.2 Mg DM ha−1 and from 87.6 to 412.5 Mg C ha−1 respectively. This illustrates that the biomasses held by the southern mangroves are 6 times (total) and 4.7 times (total carbon storage) higher than those in the north.

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