Blackriveran carbonates from the subsurface of the Lake Simcoe area, southern Ontario: stratigraphy and sedimentology of a low-energy carbonate ramp

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L Grimwood ◽  
Mario Coniglio ◽  
Derek K Armstrong

The lowest Upper Ordovician (Blackriveran) strata in the Lake Simcoe area represent the base of a major transgressive sequence of peritidal carbonates and siliciclastics. From detailed petrographic study of 12 cores that penetrate, in ascending order, the Shadow Lake, Gull River, and lower Bobcaygeon formations, seven distinctive lithofacies are recognized: (1) sandstone, siltstone, and shale; (2) dolostone and calcareous dolostone; (3) lime mudstone; (4) peloidal bioclastic wackestone and packstone; (5) peloidal bioclastic grainstone; (6) ooid grainstone; and (7) intraclastic bioclastic wackestone and packstone. Metre-scale cycles, like those reported from numerous other peritidal deposits, are apparently absent in this succession. In addition, these strata are commonly interrupted by a variety of hardgrounds. The carbonate strata can be grouped into four lithofacies associations that represent deposition in generally low energy, tropical paleoenvironments along a southward-facing, homoclinal ramp that was frequently influenced by storms. Rapid facies changes along depositional strike likely resulted from a combination of an irregular basement topography and coastline geometry. The coexistence of Heterozoan and Photozoan carbonates in the lower Bobcaygeon Formation probably reflects the increasing incorporation of cooler oceanic waters as the ramp gradually deepened during the Tippecanoe transgression rather than the onset of more temperate climatic conditions.

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Bagoňa ◽  
Dušan Katunský ◽  
Martin Lopušniak ◽  
Marián Vertaľ

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
K. Getsos ◽  
F. Pomoni-Papaioannou ◽  
A. Zelilidis

Facies analysis of Cretaceous carbonate sequences from the external and central Ionian zone revealed a homoclinal ramp model of evolution. During Berriasian to Valanginian, the carbonate ramp was differentiated to an inner-mid and outer ramp environment, which corresponded to the external and central Ionian zone, respectively, while the main inner ramp environment is assumed that was located in the Pre-Apulian zone. The external Ionian zone (inner-mid ramp) is characterized by muds tones-wackes tones with fragmented echinoderms, bivalves, radiolarians and rare aptychus considered to be deposited below the fairweather wave base (FWWB). Locally, thin graded storm deposits intervene, indicating deposition above the storm weather wave base (SWB). Minor occurrences of packs tonesgrainstones, with fragmented echinoderms, calcareous algae, tubiphytes, lagenid foraminifera and rare ooids occur, as well, considered to be deposited at the lowermost part of the inner ramp, near the constantly agitated fairweather wave base (FWWB). The central Ionian zone (outer ramp) is mainly characterized by mudstones-wackestones with abundant radiolarians and rare calpionellids and calcispheres, considered to be deposited below the storm wave base (SWB). No talus or breccias deposits were observed, during the mentioned time interval, in any part of the studied area. From Hauterivian to Turonian, continual sea-level rise, led to establishment of outer ramp environment in the external Ionian zone, over the previous inner-mid ramp, and outer ramp-basin environment, over the previous outer ramp, in the central Ionian zone. The transition from shallower to deeper conditions is characterized by an overall deposition of mudstones-wackestones with abundant radiolarians rooted in pure micrite. 


Author(s):  
Б.Л. Пхарое ◽  
А.Н. Евдокимов

Северо-западный регион ЮАР до недавнего времени не являлся промышленно марганценосным. Однако результаты изучения последних лет дают основание думать, что здесь могут быть залежи марганцевых руд. Марганцевое оруденение в этом регионе встречается в виде марганцевых конкреций, порошкообразного марганцевого вада и марганцевых корок в коре выветривания. Марганцевые конкреции приурочены к аллювиальной части «Westwits alluvium» рудного разреза и марганцевый вад накоплялся в карстовых структурах, образовавшихся в результате приповерхностного выветривания, выщелачивания и растворения подстилающих марганценосных неоархейских доломитов. Предполагается два потенциальных источника марганца: первый расположен непосредственно под рудным телом, а второй – на существенном удалении от него. Если первый источник рудного вещества поставлял марганец из подстилающих доломитов в процессе их выветривания, то второй вариант подразумевает существенный перенос металла из неизвестных коренных источников, расположенных на значительном удалении от области рудонакопления. Таким образом, для решения этого вопроса, необходимо провести экспериментальные исследования, изучающие природу, минералогию и источник сноса терригенных отложений «вмещающих материалов» верхнего рудного разреза. Цель работы – уточнить природу марганценосных терригенных залежей «Westwits alluvium» и, что самое важное, определить их коренной источник поступления и собственно минеральный состав. Методики исследования включали: петрографическое описание пород, геохимические анализы методами XRF и SEM, подсчеты объемного состава детритовых минералов и анализ дискриминационных диаграмм. Результаты. В результате проведенных исследований было установлено, что терригенные зёрна в основном представлены кварцем. Содержание полевых шпатов, минералов цемента и глинистых минералов не более 20 %. Использована классификация составов терригенного материала, основанная на подсчете в объемных процентах зерен кварца, полевого шпата, обломочных зерен других пород (вулканических, магматических и метаморфических пород), слюды и др. По этим данным были определены вероятные источники сноса, которыми являются породы Рэнд-Антиклинального хребта, расположенного к югу от изучаемого региона, а также архейские граниты, гнейсы и мафические-ультрамафические породы Каапваальского кратона. Осадконакопление происходило в низменной равнине с тропическим умеренно влажным и субгумидным климатом. Здесь, при повышенном рН воды происходило интенсивное выщелачивание пород и замещение детритовых зерен разного минерального состава диоксидом марганца. Ключевые слова: марганцовистый аллювий, третичный, терригенные отложения, Каапваальский кратон, Южная Африка The North-West region of the Republic of South Africa was previously not considered to constitute of manganese mineralization of industrial value. However, recently published articles indicated the presence of secondary manganese mineralization in the weathering crust, underlain by the manganiferous Neoarchean dolomites. Manganese mineralization in this region occurs in the form of manganese nodules, powdered manganese wad, and manganese crusts. Manganese nodules are confined to the alluvial part of the ore section known as the «Westwits alluvium» and manganese wad is accumulated in karstic structures formed as a result of near-surface weathering, leaching, and dissolution of underlying manganese-bearing Neoarchean dolomites. Two potential sources of manganese are assumed: the first relates to the dolomites which are located directly under the ore body, and the second relates to the source areas of terrigenous deposits. If the first hypothesis suggests that manganese ore substances were supplied from the underlying dolomites during their weathering, the second option then implies a significant transfer of metal from unknown root sources located at a considerable distance from the area of ore accumulation. Thus, it is necessary to conduct petrographic study to reconstruct their source regions and understand the close relations with Mn mineralization. Aim is to clarify the nature of the manganese-bearing terrigenous deposits «Westwits alluvium» and, most importantly, to determine their root source of supply and the actual mineral composition. Methodology of study includes mainly: petrographic study of rocks, geochemical analyses with the use of XRF and SEM methods, modal compositional analysis of the detrital minerals, and analysis of discrimination diagrams. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that terrigenous grains consist mainly of detrital quartz grains. The content of feldspars, cement minerals and clay minerals seldom exceeds 20 %. The classification of terrigenous material based on the calculation of the volumetric percentage of the detrital framework grains: quartz, feldspar, clastic grains of other rocks types (volcanic, igneous and metamorphic rocks), mica, indicated probable source areas of the terrigenous sediments. These include metasedimentary rocks of the Rand Anticline Ridge which is located south of the studied region, and Archean granites, gneisses, and mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton. In the basin of deposition, sedimentation occurred in a lowland plain within tropical region, characterized by moderately humid and sub-humid climatic conditions. These conditions, combined with oxidation and increased pH of the basin waters, contributed to the replacement of detrital grains with manganese dioxide


1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Williams ◽  
Nicholas Eyles

AbstractSouthern Ontario, Canada, has late Pleistocene deposits that contain evidence for climatic cooling during the last interglacial/glacial transition and much of the succeeding Wisconsin glaciation. Fossils of lacustrine and riverine caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) are abundant and well-preserved in these deposits. We examined 26 samples from the interglacial section exposed in the Don Valley Brickyard and compared their caddisfly assemblages with those recovered from the overlying early Wisconsin Scarborough Formation deposits at nearby Scarborough Bluffs. Fifty-one caddisfly taxa in 16 families were recovered from the Don Valley site. Fossil abundance and species richness appear related to the storm or fair-weather conditions inferred from the sedimentary facies. Caddisfly fossils were most abundant and species richness highest in fair-weather, peaty, rippled sands. Highest proportions of river species as opposed to lake species were recovered from sands (storm and fair-weather). Assemblages from both sites indicate the presence of a large and productive river flowing into ancestral Lake Ontario. However, the river assemblage appeared to be far more sensitive to environmental change than the relatively stable assemblage representing the thermally buffered lake. Warm temperate river species such as Hydropsyche bidens, Hydropsyche mississippiensis, Macrostemum carolina, and Potamyia flava are present in the lower Don samples but absent from the Scarborough Bluffs deposits, while indicators of cooler than present climatic conditions such as Arctopsyche Indogensis and Hagenella canadensis are present in the Scarborough Bluffs sediments but absent from the lower Don samples. For the interval from about 80,000 to 55,000 yr B.P., we infer a climatic cooling from temperature about 2°C warmer than present to about 3°C cooler than present.


1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2453-2464 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Anastas ◽  
M. Coniglio

The Manitoulin Formation is a pervasively dolomitized Lower Silurian carbonate unit that was deposited in the Michigan Basin and locally in the Appalachian Basin. The formation reaches a maximum thickness of 11.1 m in southern Ontario and can be subdivided into eight facies and four regionally correlatable facies assemblages. Owing to the relatively continuous transition of shallow to deeper water facies from the northern to southern portions of the study area, the Manitoulin Formation is interpreted as having formed on a carbonate ramp with a southerly component of dip. Our study suggests that the Algonquin Arch, which is transected by the outcrop belt, did not significantly influence deposition or separate the Michigan and Appalachian basins.Depending on its location on the ramp, the Manitoulin Formation shows evidence of varying degrees of episodic storm events alternating with fair-weather processes such as wave shoaling, sediment reworking, and bioturbation. Apart from bioturbation, these fair-weather processes became less prevalent to the south. The gently dipping antecedent topography, the temporary lack of frame-builders, and a shallow basin setting led to the creation of a carbonate ramp rather than a rimmed shelf.


2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Paton ◽  
Carlton E. Brett

The Upper Ordovician Bobcaygeon Formation of southern Ontario is a widespread unit that spans the Sandbian–Katian stage boundary and contains exceptionally preserved invertebrate fossil assemblages, including the famed ‘Kirkfield echinoderm fauna.’ However, the precise correlation of this interval remains poorly understood. This paper presents new data on high-resolution sequence and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Bobcaygeon interval based on new quarry exposures and introduces refined definitions of unit boundaries based on allostratigraphic criteria. Sequence, chemo-, and biostratigraphic evidence indicate that the Bobcaygeon Formation represents a composite unit as it encompasses a major erosional unconformity. The Coboconk and Kirkfield formations, described in the early 20th century, were merged into a single unit, the Bobcaygeon, out of concern that the original lithostratigraphic divisions would be conflated with biostratigraphic zones of the same names. However, these biostratigraphic zones are no longer favoured, and the lower member of the Bobcaygeon is here elevated again to the status of formation (Coboconk Formation) and represents the uppermost portion of the Sandbian M4 sequence. The middle and upper members of the Bobcaygeon, herein reassigned to the Kirkfield Formation, represent the upper Sandbian to lower Katian M5A and M5B sequences recognized widely in the eastern and central United States. The term Bobcaygeon is retained and elevated to the rank of subgroup. The Kirkfield Formation is divided into three members and contacts are refined, placing a 1–2 m transgressive grainstone at the base of each sequence. These units are correlated with equivalent strata of New York and the Cincinnati Arch.


2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand L. Bazinet ◽  
Beth M. Gilbert ◽  
Angela M. Wallace

Abstract Benthic invertebrate communities were compared in several watersheds within an urban basin and an urbanizing basin in southern Ontario, Canada. The urban watersheds of the Lake Ontario basin and the urbanizing watersheds within the Lake Simcoe basin share similar geologies, soils, and climates, but differ in the stage of urban development within these two basins. Correspondence analysis showed that invertebrate populations formed distinct groups split between these two basins owing to intense urban development in the Lake Ontario watersheds versus the agricultural nature of the Lake Simcoe basin. Canonical correspondence analysis ordinations indicated that the major environmental gradients were related to urban land cover (imperviousness), chloride, nitrates and stream order factors. Urban land cover and chloride were most strongly associated with the first axis. The typical logarithmic relationship between urban land cover and benthos found in other studies was not evident in this study. Rather, 9 of the 12 metrics tested had significant linear relationships with urban land cover. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index and percent Oligochaeta metrics showed the strongest positive linear relationships with urban land cover. Pollution sensitive groups (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) along with richness and diversity measures decreased with increasing urbanization.


1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Williams ◽  
John A. Westgate ◽  
D. Dudley Williams ◽  
Anne Morgan ◽  
Alan V. Morgan

AbstractLarval caddisfly, chironomid, and beetle remains have been recovered from the Pleistocene Scarborough Formation in the Toronto region of southern Ontario. Three stratigraphic levels were sampled at the northeastern end of the Scarborough Bluffs; the youngest horizon yielded 16 chironomid taxa, 33 caddisfly taxa, and 28 beetle taxa, whereas the two older levels yielded somewhat less diverse assemblages. Only one taxon in each of the caddisfly and chironomid groups was identified from the presumed correlative beds at Woodbridge, Ontario, but numerous beetle fragments were recovered, several of which have been specifically identified and match species found previously in the upper part of the Scarborough Formation. The youngest sampled assemblage in the Scarborough Formation at the northeastern end of the Scarborough Bluffs is interpreted as indicating cool climatic conditions in a boreal forest environment, given the present-day distributions and feeding habits of these river, lake, and terrestrial taxa. The mean July temperature at this time was probably about 15°C, as compared to the present-day value of 20.5°C. The forest was poorer in deciduous species during deposition of the older part of the formation as preserved here. These results agree well with previous interpretations based on plant remains. We suggest that both aquatic and terrestrial insects are good indicators of macroclimate.


1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1790-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Czurda ◽  
C. G. Winder ◽  
R. M. Quigley

The Meaford–Dundas Formation in southern Ontario is a medium gray shale with good fissility and resistant interbeds of gray fossiliferous limestones and siltstones. The hard layers are up to 20 cm in thickness and comprise 10 to 20% of the formation. The shale layers vary in thickness from 50 cm to 2 m.The clay minerals are principally illite, iron-chlorite, and small amounts of vermiculite and mixed-layer types. The carbonate content seems constant across the area at about 4 to 5% of the formation, except for the southwestern area where the carbonate increases to 20 or 25%. This increase is chiefly in dolomite content, a feature which reflects such factors as original conditions of deposition and possibly diagenesis subsequent to burial. The quartz content in the shale beds, and especially in the hard interbeds, increases towards the north to an average of 35 to 40% compared with 10 to 15% in the south. Framboids (aggregates of pyrite grains in spheroidal clusters) are a striking feature of the shale beds of the Meaford–Dundas Formation in the Meaford area.Fabric studies by means of X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron photomicrographs reveal, in most cases, high parallelism of clay platelets in the bedding planes, resulting in the good fissility of the shale.The principal source rock areas are the Appalachian orogen in the east (Taconic Mountains), which probably supplied most of the clay minerals and some quartz, and the Canadian Shield in the north, which provided the basin of sedimentation in the south with heavy minerals and additional quartz.


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