The axial skeleton of the Early Permian reptile Eocaptorhinus laticeps (Williston)

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1288-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Dilkes ◽  
Robert R. Reisz
Keyword(s):  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Epaxial Muscle

Two articulated, partial vertebral columns of the Early Permian captorhinid Eocaptorkinus laticeps (Williston) exhibit the following serial changes in the axial skeleton: robust and unswollen neural arches on the First five presacrals gradually swell dorsally and laterally on presacrals 6–25; alternation of neural spine height of the presacrals with an interruption at presacral 9 is superimposed upon a gradual posterior decrease of spine height; slope of zygapophyseal articular surfaces changes from ventromedial on the first six presacrals to horizontal on the remaining presacrals; and spines for epaxial muscle attachment present on the neural arches of presacrals 6–14 decrease in size posteriorly. Midventral lips are present on the centra and intercentra of all presacrals. Fine cracks on the centra of caudal vertebrae 8–11 are evidence of caudal autotomy.The pattern of vertebral morphology suggests specializations in the cervical region for support of the massive head and in the dorsal region for increased lateral flexibility for locomotion and increased support of the rib cage and viscera.

scholarly journals Notes on the axial skeleton of the titanosaur Bonitasaura salgadoi (Dinosauria-Sauropoda)

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Gallina
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Lateral Expansion ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Spine Morphology ◽  
Posterior Elements

Sauropod axial anatomy is particularly important in understanding morphological features and phylogenetic analyses. Spatial arrangement of zygapophyses and rib articulations, as well as their complex laminar development, help to recognize the relative position of isolated vertebral elements. The presence of anterior, mid and posterior elements along the cervical, dorsal and caudal series in Bonitasaura salgadoi allows the analysis of several anatomical characteristics. These include the pattern of neurocentral closure with unfused, partially fused and completely fused elements in a peculiar temporal sequence, as well as several neural spine modifications and the laminar arrangement. The variations in neural spine morphology include a lateral expansion of the distal tip in cervico-dorsal region, different lateral constituents of these lateral expansions, and a marked deviation in spine angulation. The spinal inclination allows the division into three easily recognizable vertebral regions separated by two landmarks, which adds support in the determination of an accurate vertebral position for isolated elements. Finally, an analysis of the vertebral laminae reveals the importance of examining vertebral series in order to recognize laminar homologies and developmental series. Two vertebral laminae are analyzed here.

Ordosemys leios, n.gen., n.sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2128-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald B. Brinkman ◽  
Jiang-Hua Peng
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Ordos Basin ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
The Ordos Basin

Ordosemys leios, n.gen., n.sp., from the Early Cretaceous Luohandong Formation, Zhidan Group, Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, is a primitive aquatic turtle with a reduced, fenestrated plastron. It shares with the members of the Centrocryptodira the presence of well-formed articular surfaces on the cervical and caudal vertebrae. Within the Centrocryptodira, characters of the cervical vertebrae suggest it is more closely related to the Polycryptodira than is the Meiolaniidae. Ordosemys shares with the Chelydridae the presence of two procoelous anterior caudals, but this character may be primitive for the Polycryptodira. Characters of the basicranial region of the braincase shared by Ordosemys and the Chelonioidea support a sister-group relationship between these two taxa, but a sister-group relationship between Ordosemys and the Polycryptodira is more strongly supported by characters shared by the Chelonioidea and other members of the Polycryptodira.

A new marine clupeoid fish from the Lower Cretaceous of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, northeastern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2164 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO J. DE FIGUEIREDO
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Clupeoid Fish ◽  
Marine Deposit

Clupeomorph fishes are largely diversified and widespread in Cretaceous strata of northeastern Brazil. They are represented by basal clupeiforms, †ellimmichthyiforms, and advanced clupeoids. In this paper, a new clupeoid fish, †Nolfia riachuelensis sp. nov., is described based on a specimen found in marine shale yielded in the Taquari Member (Albian) of Riachuelo Formation, Sergipe-Alagoas Basin. Although partially preserved (most of skull is lacking), the fish shows many informative characters, particularly in the axial skeleton. The fish is morphologically very similar to †Nolfia kwangoensis, a clupeoid fish originally described from marine deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Kipala, Democratic Republic of Congo, with which it shares: 18 caudal vertebrae; long and cylindrical pleural ribs; posteriormost pleural ribs supported by long parapophyses and gradually decreasing in size posteriorly; very reduced ural centra; presence of long and distally congruent neural spines of third, second, and first preural centra; three uroneural bones (the first probably forming the pleurostyle). Otherwise, †Nolfia riachuelensis sp. nov. differs from other clupeomorphs by a unique combination of features. The number of supraneural bones, aligned rod-like postcleithra, less than 30 rays in the anal fin, and derived absence of dorsal scutes indicate its placement within Clupeidae. As far as is known, †Nolfia riachuelensis sp. nov. is the most ancient clupeoid fish known from the fossil record.

Aspects of the postcranial skeleton of the Lower Permian lungfish, Gnathorhiza

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Dalquest ◽  
M. John Kocurko ◽  
John V. Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Postcranial Skeleton ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
North Central ◽  
New Information ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Median Fins

A newly discovered locality of aestivation burrow casts containing the lungfish, Gnathorhiza serrata, is reported from the early Permian Arroyo Formation of Wilbarger County, north-central Texas. Remains preserved in the burrow casts provide sections of mummified Gnathorhiza and new information about the postcranial skeleton of this fish. Scales of Gnathorhiza resemble those of the modern lungfishes such as Lepidosiren in their microanatomy. No traces of paddle-like pectoral or pelvic fins were found and paired fins of Gnathorhiza may have resembled those of Lepidosiren. The axial skeleton and median fins of Gnathorhiza seem to resemble those of Lepidosiren except that the tail area and caudal fin of Gnathorhiza were stout and strong rather than slender and tapering. Gnathorhiza, which aestivated tail-down in its burrow, may have required a stout tail for support.

scholarly journals Anatomo-radiographic description of the axial skeleton of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 01-03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaína D. Barisson ◽  
Cristiane H. Louro ◽  
Sheila J.T. Dias ◽  
Flávio S. Jojima ◽  
Murilo S. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
The Other ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
The Third ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Cerdocyon Thous

The aim of this study was to describe the axial skeleton of a wild Brazilian carnivorous, the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Five specimens of crab-eating fox were previously unfrozen for radiographic exams and their bones went through dissection and chemical maceration. This animal presents seven cervical vertebrae, and from the third on, they become shorter and wider than the other ones e the spinous process was makeable from the fifth cervical vertebrae on. There are thirteen thoracic vertebrae and the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae, which are seven, decreases from the fifth on. The sacrum is formed by two vertebrae and there are twenty or twenty one caudal vertebrae. It can be concluded that the crab-eating fox axial skeleton is similar to that of the domestic dog.

scholarly journals New Information on the Madagascan Middle Jurassic Sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Miky Lova Tantely Raveloson ◽  
Neil D. L. Clark ◽  
Armand H. Rasoamiaramana
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
The Common

The systematic position of the Middle Jurassic sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis is not fully understood due to a lack of useful anatomical detail. Despite many new bone fragments from the axial skeleton, post-cranial skeleton, and a hind limb having been previously unearthed, its systematic position has not yet been satisfactorily established. Although this Malagasy taxon is only recognised by two autapomorphies located in the scapula and coracoid, two features of the neural spine, which are reported here, provide additional information on the common autapomorphies shared with the British genus Cetiosaurus. A full description of the femur and neural spine helps to determine some aspects of its relationship to other similar taxa. Remains of Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis have been recovered from mixed facies that may have been deposited in a shallow water lagoon during a transgressive period in the Isallo IIIb subunit in the Majunga Basin.

scholarly journals V.–Distribution of the Cells in the Intermedio-Lateral Tract of the Spinal Cord

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Lateral Column ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Lateral Tract

The term intermedio-lateral tract was introduced in 1859 (Phil. Trans., 1859, p. 445) by Lockhart Clarke to designate a tract or column of nerve cells in the spinal cord, which he had previously described in 1851 (Phil. Trans., 1851, ii. p. 613) as occupying that portion of the lateral margin of the grey matter which is intermediate between the anterior and posterior cornua. According to Clarke's original account, the column in question was very transparent in appearance, and resembled somewhat the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior horn. It was found in the upper part of the lumbar enlargement, extended upwards through the dorsal region, where it distinctly increased in size, to the lower part of the cervical enlargement. Here it disappeared almost entirely. In the upper cervical region it was again seen, and could be traced upwards into the medulla oblongata, where, in the space immediately behind the central canal, it blended with its fellow of the opposite side. In the more complete account of the tract published in 1859 (p. 446), its component cells are described as in part oval, fusiform, pyriform, or triangular, and as being smaller and more uniform in size than those of the anterior cornua. In the mid-dorsal region, where they are least numerous, they are found only near the lateral margin of the grey matter, with the exception of some cells which lie among the white fibres beyond the margin of the grey substance. In the upper dorsal region the tract is larger, and not only projects further outwards into the lateral column of the white fibres, but also tapers inwards across the grey substance, almost to the front of Clarke's column. In the cervical enlargement it gradually disappears, although it seems to contain, in part at least, a few scattered cells resembling those of the intermedio-lateral tract of the dorsal region. In the upper cervical region, as already stated, it is again seen occupying a lateral horn similar to that found in the dorsal region. It is composed of the same kind of cells, and can be followed up into the medulla, where it is said to give origin to some of the fibres of the vagus and the spinal accessory.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE IN THE WHITE NEW ZEALAND RABBIT (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Basma Kamal ◽  
Reda Rashed ◽  
Atef Erasha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ossification Centers ◽  
Atlas And Axis ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Characteristic Growth

In order to study the pattern of ossification of the components of the postcranial axial skeleton of the white new Zeeland rabbit, intact embryos were isolated between days (d) 13 and 28 of pregnancy, and postnatal till three months old rabbit. All specimens were fixed in 95% ethanol for at least one week, a group was bulk-stained using alizarin and Alcian blue, in order to stain bone and cartilage, respectively, and cleared. Another group was histologically stained with H&E and Mason Trichrome. A third group was examined with CT and X-ray. The time of the first appearance of ossification centers of these prenatal and postnatal specimens was analyzed. The findings demonstrated that, with the exception of the atlas and axis, all of the cervical vertebrae studied had similar growth patterns. The time of appearance of the various centers of ossification in the skeletal elements studied proceeded in a similar order to that described by previous authors, although there were some discrepancies in the exact time of the first appearance of certain ossification centers. Secondary ossification for the epiphysis cranialis and caudalis (the bony collar) appear in cervical region and then extend in cephalocaudal direction till complete appearance at the age of 45-days old rabbit. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal sequential pattern of ossification in the typical cervical vertebrae and the characteristic growth pattern of the individual components in the rabbit.

The atlas-axis complex in the late Paleozoic genus Diadectes and the characteristics of the atlas-axis complex across the amphibian to amniote transition

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Sumida ◽  
R. Eric Lombard
Keyword(s):  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Neural Arch ◽  
Exposure Fusion

The atlas-axis complex in the Early Permian diadectomorph Diadectes is shown to be similar to those of a variety of primitive amniotes. Diadectes does not possess elements in addition to the standard complement seen in advanced batrachosaurs and primitive amniotes as previously thought. Characteristics of the complex include: paired, well-developed proatlases and atlantal neural arches, lack of atlantal neural spines, an extremely robust atlantal intercentrum, fusion of the atlantal pleurocentrum and axial intercentrum, a large anterior projection of the axial intercentrum, exclusion of the atlantal pleurocentrum from ventral exposure, fusion of axial neural arch and pleurocentrum, and a robustly developed axial neural spine. An analysis of the transformations of the atlas-axis complex in advanced anthracosaurs and primitive amniotes indicates that many of the characteristics of the complex previously thought to be definitive of amniotes or reptiles appear to be conditions common to Diadectes plus Amniota.

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