Impregnation technique using colored epoxy to define porosity in petrographic thin sections

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1104-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Sensitive Material ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Impregnation Technique

This vacuum-assisted technique for colored impregnation of all rock types clearly defines porosity, even in low-permeability, very fine grained, or semifriable material. The technique is also suitable for use with water-soluble and heat-sensitive material. The technique is trouble-free and provides a practical way of visually reproducing rock pore space less than 1 μm in size.

Correlation of Pore Structure and Permeability by SEM-Image Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
C. A. Callender ◽  
Wm. C. Dawson ◽  
J. J. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Image Analyzer ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rock Types

The geometric structure of pore space in some carbonate rocks can be correlated with petrophysical measurements by quantitatively analyzing binaries generated from SEM images. Reservoirs with similar porosities can have markedly different permeabilities. Image analysis identifies which characteristics of a rock are responsible for the permeability differences. Imaging data can explain unusual fluid flow patterns which, in turn, can improve production simulation models.Analytical SchemeOur sample suite consists of 30 Middle East carbonates having porosities ranging from 21 to 28% and permeabilities from 92 to 2153 md. Engineering tests reveal the lack of a consistent (predictable) relationship between porosity and permeability (Fig. 1). Finely polished thin sections were studied petrographically to determine rock texture. The studied thin sections represent four petrographically distinct carbonate rock types ranging from compacted, poorly-sorted, dolomitized, intraclastic grainstones to well-sorted, foraminiferal,ooid, peloidal grainstones. The samples were analyzed for pore structure by a Tracor Northern 5500 IPP 5B/80 image analyzer and a 80386 microprocessor-based imaging system. Between 30 and 50 SEM-generated backscattered electron images (frames) were collected per thin section. Binaries were created from the gray level that represents the pore space. Calculated values were averaged and the data analyzed to determine which geological pore structure characteristics actually affect permeability.

Formation of the hour-glass structure in augite

1969 ◽  
Vol 37 (288) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Glass Structure ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Crystal Face ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rapid Crystallization ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
The Common

SummaryA study of augite in over three hundred thin sections of mainly alkalic rocks permits the distinction of two main types of hour-glass structure. The common ‘swallow-tailed’, sometimes skeletal augite crystals are found in the fine-grained groundmass of many rock types, and it is suggested that rapid crystallization alone accounts for their formation. Hence, this type of hour-glass structure has been called ‘quench hour-glass’. The hour-glass structures of larger augite crystals of porphyritic and coarse-grained rocks are commonly described as hour-glass ‘zoning’, as they result primarily from compositional differences between the different sectors. These were formed under conditions of relatively slower cooling than the ‘quench hour-glass’, and thus cannot be explained in the same way. They are thought to have formed by a process involving adsorption of impurities on a particular crystal face so as to impede growth of these faces, producing an initial skeleton of hour-glass form, which is completed by later crystallization of augite richer in FeO, Na2O, TiO2, and Al2O3. This hypothesis also explains the patchy zoning of other augite crystals, casting doubt on some petrogenetic interpretations of such zones as core zones.

Movable Fluid Saturation of Low-Permeability and Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoir: Taking Chang 6 Reservoir in Banqiao-Heshui Area as an Example

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 1420-1423
Author(s):  
Lei Cao ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Rui Niu ◽  
Lei Huo ◽  
Fu Tao Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Oil Reservoir ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Tight Sandstone ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fluid Saturation ◽  
Pore Types

By analyzing the thin sections, physical property and nuclear magnetic resonance, the petrology character, pore types and the movable fluid saturation distribution characteristics of Chang 6 reservoir in Banqiao-Heshui area were tested. The research shows that the main lithology of Chang 6 reservoir in study area is lithic arkose. The pore space of reservoir mainly include the solution pores and the primary residual intergranular pores. Fine pore-tiny throat is the main pore configuration. The physical properties of Chang 6 reservoir in Banqiao-Heshui area are weak and it belongs to low-permeability and porosity oil reservoir. There are two models of T2 spectrum, including bimodal and unimodal modes. Movable fluid saturation and fluid porosity varies a lot, the reservoir can be classified as many types by movable fluid saturation and for each of them, its movable fluid saturation differs obviously.

Red Sea Holocene carbonates: Windward platform margin and lagoon near Al-Wajh, northern Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-875
Author(s):  
D. Mark Steinhauff ◽  
Abduljaleel Abubshait ◽  
Sam J. Purkis
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Rift Basins ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Lagoon Sediment ◽  
Primary Porosity ◽  
Reservoir Potential

ABSTRACT Analysis of Holocene sedimentary seascape is focused on the Red Sea windward Al-Wajh platform margin, its central lagoon, and nearby isolated platforms based on data that include mapped ecological facies (habitats), water depths, grain sizes, and allochem types and abundances determined from thin sections. On this basis, a depositional model applicable to Red Sea Plio-Pleistocene and other ancient icehouse carbonate platforms is presented. The model highlights favorable reservoirs in analogous ancient systems to include coral crests and columnar framework habitats with primary porosity developed in boundstone lithologies and windward platform margins to contain considerable open pore space, including cavernous openings, of which not all should be anticipated to be occluded with marine cements and sediments. Meteoric diagenesis is expected to be minor as limited freshwater is available due to extreme aridity, but may play a role during glaciation. Most habitats have potential for secondary (enhanced) porosity resulting from dissolution of aragonite skeletons, particularly mollusk shells and calcareous coral (Scleractinia) endoskeletons. Central-lagoon habitats are expected to have the least favorable reservoir potential of environments considered because they are dominated by peloids. Central-lagoon sediment differs from other published localities, having higher peloid abundances, greater peloid distribution, and little or no association with Halimeda and quartz grains. Under the likely scenario that platform-interior sediments are completely bioturbated and comprise peloid-rich, grain-dominated fabrics, with many smaller peloids (most of them likely fecal pellets) at or near 4 μm in size (i.e., mud fraction), it is possible that grain size will control pore size once the considered deposits are lithified. If so, platform-interior sediments will lithify as mudstones, wackestones, or very fine-grained grainstones, an outcome which might otherwise be unexpected given the abundance of coarse peloid grains. The Al-Wajh platform is compared with 15 Holocene analogs and found to be unique with respect to rift-margin type, restricted-marine circulation, in having a lagoon with high peloid content, and lack of karst. In further comparison with ancient reservoir analogs, two greenhouse and four icehouse, it compares favorably to icehouse platforms deposited in rift basins with respect to mineralogy of deposition, meter-scale cycle thicknesses, and general peloid content and distribution. It provides a snapshot as to how an icehouse platform might have nucleated and attached along an active rift margin; it is a broadly applicable carbonate analog for the Red Sea Plio-Pleistocene and similar icehouse, rift basins.

Progress in Physical Rock Matrix Characterization: Structure of the Pore Space

1997 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sütari-Kauppi ◽  
E.S. Flitsiyan ◽  
P. Klobes ◽  
K. Meyer ◽  
K-H. Hellmuth
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Quantitative Autoradiography ◽  
Probe Molecule ◽  
Rock Matrix ◽  
Porous Rock ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Physical Rock

ABSTRACTQuantitative autoradiography for the investigation of rock matrices has been further developed by use of tritium-labeled polymethylmethacrylate (3H-PMMA), the use of thin sections and image analysis functions allowing correlations of mineralogic-petrographical and analytical or porosity information. The autoradiographic system was studied experimentally and theoretically. The autoradiography could achieve a resolution down to 10 and 20 μm for 3H and 14C, respectively. Possible candidates for intact, low-porous rock standard materials were studied and the measurement of their transport properties discussed. Porosities and diffusivities measured in rock types dominated by very small pores were depending on the probe molecule used. The effect was most pronounced in flint which gave low porosities for MMA, Hg and He and no diffusivities at all for He.

Ferritin Labeled Antibody Staining of Thin Sections

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
J. D. McLean ◽  
S. J. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Biological Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

The successful application of ferritin labeled antibodies (F-A) to ultrathin sections of biological material has been hampered by two main difficulties. Firstly the normally used procedures for the preparation of material for thin sectioning often result in a loss of antigenicity. Secondly the polymers employed for embedding may non-specifically absorb the F-A. Our earlier use of cross-linked polyampholytes as embedding media partially overcame these problems. However the water-soluble monomers used for this method still extract many lipids from the material.

A rapid silver-impregnation technique on ultra-thin sections for Electron Microscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 242-243
Author(s):  
K. Chien ◽  
R.C. Heusser ◽  
M.L. Jones ◽  
R.L. Van de Velde
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Silver Impregnation ◽  
Sodium Borate ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Impregnation Technique ◽  
Centrifuge Tube ◽  
Simplified Procedure

Silver impregnation techniques have been used for the demonstration of the complex carbohydrates in electron microscopy. However, the silver stains were believed to be technically sensitive and time consumming to perform. Currently, due to the need to more specifically evaluate immune complex for localization in certain renal diseases, a simplified procedure in conjunction with the use of the microwave has been developed and applied to renal and other biopsies. The procedure is as follows:Preparation of silver methenamine solution:1. 15ml graduated, clear polystyrene centrifuge tube (Falcon, No. 2099) was rinsed once with distilled water.2. 3% hexamethylene tetramine (methenamine) was added into the centrifuge tube to the 6ml mark.3. 3% silver nitrate was added slowly to the methenamine to the 7ml mark while agitating. (Solution will instantly turn milky in color and then clear rapidly by mixing. No precipitate should be formed).4. 2% sodium borate was added to the solution to the 8ml mark, mixed and centrifuged before use.

scholarly journals Strain-Rate and Grain‒Size Effects in Ice

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (115) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Boundary Migration ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Lower Strain ◽  
Polycrystalline Ice

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the results of constant deformation-rate tests on laboratory-prepared polycrystalline ice. Strain-rates ranged from 10−7to 10−1s−1, grain–size ranged from 1.5 to 5.8 mm, and the test temperature was −5°C.At strain-rates between 10−7and 10−3s−1, the stress-strain-rate relationship followed a power law with an exponent ofn= 4.3 calculated without regard to grain-size. However, a reversal in the grain-size effect was observed: below a transition point near 4 × 10−6s−1the peak stress increased with increasing grain-size, while above the transition point the peak stress decreased with increasing grain-size. This latter trend persisted to the highest strain-rates observed. At strain-rates above 10−3s−1the peak stress became independent of strain-rate.The unusual trends exhibited at the lower strain-rates are attributed to the influence of the grain-size on the balance of the operative deformation mechanisms. Dynamic recrystallization appears to intervene in the case of the finer-grained material and serves to lower the peak stress. At comparable strain-rates, however, the large-grained material still experiences internal micro-fracturing, and thin sections reveal extensive deformation in the grain-boundary regions that is quite unlike the appearance of the strain-induced boundary migration characteristic of the fine-grained material.

Permeability-porosity transforms from small sandstone fragments

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. N11-N19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Kameda ◽  
Jack Dvorkin ◽  
Youngseuk Keehm ◽  
Amos Nur ◽  
William Bosl
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Rock Physics ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Absolute Permeability ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Numerical Experimentation ◽  
The Absolute

Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments on rocks, or digital rock physics, is an emerging field that may eventually benefit the petroleum industry. For numerical experimentation to find its way into the mainstream, it must be practical and easily repeatable — i.e., implemented on standard hardware and in real time. This condition reduces the size of a digital sample to just a few grains across. Also, small physical fragments of rock, such as cuttings, may be the only material available to produce digital images. Will the results be meaningful for a larger rock volume? To address this question, we use a number of natural and artificial medium- to high-porosity, well-sorted sandstones. The 3D microtomography volumes are obtained from each physical sample. Then, analogous to making thin sections of drill cuttings, we select a large number of small 2D slices from a 3D scan. As a result, a single physical sample produces hundreds of 2D virtual-drill-cuttings images. Corresponding 3D pore-space realizations are generated statistically from these 2D images; fluid flow is simulated in three dimensions, and the absolute permeability is computed. The results show that small fragments of medium– to high-porosity sandstones that are statistically subrepresentative of a larger sample will not yield the exact porosity and permeability of the sample. However, a significant number of small fragments will yield a site-specific permeability-porosity trend that can then be used to estimate the absolute permeability from independent porosity data obtained in the well or inferred from seismic techniques.

Micromorphology of soil structure - Description, quantification, application

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ringrose-Voase
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Undisturbed Samples ◽  
Structure Description ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Pore Types ◽  
Soil Behaviour

Micromorphological observation can provide insights into soil structure and aid interpretation of soil behaviour. Undisturbed samples are taken in the field and impregnated. They are used to prepare thin sections or images of the macropore structure using fluorescent photography. Sections can also be obtained at macro, meso and submicroscopic scales. The various elements of soil structure observed micromorphologically can be classified into pore space, physical, distribution and orientation fabrics, and associated structures. Examples of the importance of features in each category are given. Image analysis, especially when computerized, provides a way of parameterizing micromorphological observations. To date it has been used primarily on images of macropore space at the meso and microscopic scales. Such images can be digitized and segmented to show pore space and solid. The pore space can be allocated to pore types. This aids the estimation of 3-D parameters from I-D and 2-D measurements made on the image using stereology. Various ways of using structural parameters to compare structures are discussed. Applications for micromorphological observations, especially when quantitative, include comparison of structures formed by different management techniques. Structural measurements can aid interpretation of soil behaviour as described by physical measurements. They also have a role in estimating the representative elementary volume, on which physical measurements should be made, and in calibrating field estimates of soil structure.

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