The Leopold Formation: An Upper Silurian Intertidal/Supratidal Carbonate Succession on Northeastern Somerset Island, Arctic Canada

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Jones ◽  
Owen A. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Flat ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
The West ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
Sandy Limestone ◽  
Upper Silurian ◽  
Somerset Island ◽  
Stratigraphic Succession

The name Leopold Formation is proposed for a thick and distinctive Upper Silurian stratigraphic succession, approximately 1000 ft (305 m) thick, on northeastern Somerset Island. This new formation consists largely of dolomitic rocks which formed in tidal flat environments analogous to those around the modern Persian Gulf. Dolostone, dolomitic limestone, sandy limestone, sandy dolostone and rocks containing mixtures of micritic calcite, dolomite and detrital material are predominant, and are associated with minor amounts of sandstone, evaporites and micritic, shelly, intraclastic and oncolitic limestone. Most of the dolomite is secondary and complex facies patterns in the formation reflect initial complexity in sediment distribution that was accentuated by irregular but extensive diagenetic dolomitization of the tidal flat sediments.The distribution of the intertidal/supratidal rocks and the nature of the immature detrital materials they contain are strong evidence of an important, but previously unrecognized, contemporaneous land mass north and northeast of Somerset Island.The formation contains a markedly restricted in situ fauna of eurypterids, ostracods, gastropods, ostracoderms and rare brachiopods. Stromatolites are common and some stromatolitic units are sufficiently distinctive and laterally persistent to be used for local correlation.Conodonts and other faunal elements indicate that the Leopold Formation is of Pridolian age (Upper Silurian). It correlates with the upper part of the Read Bay Formation to the west and northwest, a succession which, in contrast, consists predominantly of subtidal marine limestones.

The margin of a Middle Pleistocene ice advance at Tottenhill, Norfolk, England

1992 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Gibbard ◽  
R. G. West ◽  
R. Andrew ◽  
M. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
The West ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
Glacier Meltwater ◽  
Eastern Margin

AbstractExposures at Tottenhill quarry, west Norfolk, are described. Detailed sediment logs, lateral sediment distribution and facies relationships are presented, together with palaeocurrent measurements and pebble counts. It is concluded that the sequence represents a delta-like subaquatic fan accumulation that was deposited by glacier meltwater at the eastern margin of the present Fenland. The ice must have entered the area from the west to northwest. An arctic leaf flora is associated with still water pool sediments within the fan sequence. Pollen assemblages appear to be largely derived by reworking from underlying in situ temperate stage sediments which are correlated with the Hoxnian Stage.The age of the deposits is discussed and it is concluded that the glaciation concerned must date from the early part of the Wolstonian Stage on the basis of the previously established stratigraphical sequence in the area.

Apercu geologique sur les collines de Boutenac (Aude)

1962 ◽  
Vol S7-IV (3) ◽  
pp. 362-379
Author(s):  
Alain Combes
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Sandy Limestone

Abstract The Boutenac hills in the northeastern Corbieres region of southern France, are part of the autochthonous foreland of the eastern Corbieres nappe. They are an isolated massif between the Paleozoic formations of the Alaric mountain on the west, and the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations of the Fontfroide chain on the east, entirely surrounded by alluvium. Structurally, they comprise Mesozoic formations on the east thrust over the Eocene on the west, on a fault that is the prolongation of the Saint Chinian frontal fault to the northeast. The Mesozoic formations comprise upper (?) Triassic shale and dolomite, sandy limestone, dolomite, and limestone; Jurassic red sandstones and shales; and upper Cretaceous transgressive clastics. The Eocene is limestone and marl overlain by continental conglomerate and molasse, transgressive on the west upon the Alaric Paleozoics. Folding and thrust and normal faulting are important in the structure.

Five tombs at Knossos

1963 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Coldstream
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Lower Edge ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
The West ◽  
Light In August ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Temple

On the east slope of Lower Gypsades hill, about 100 metres west of the Temple Tomb, a chamber tomb came to light in August 1958, when a cutting for a new water pipe was driven through the area (A in Plate 9 a). In the course of this operation, part of a plain larnax (iii) was sliced off, and much earth removed from the west end of the collapsed chamber: at no point, however, had the municipal workmen penetrated to the tomb floor.The chamber was approached by a sloping dromos (Plate 9 a: length 2·80 metres; max. width 1 metre), roughly cut into the natural kouskouras rock: its walls were approximately perpendicular. Although the gradient varied a good deal, there was no suggestion of a stairway.The blocking wall was found in good condition. Of especial interest were the numerous fragments of larnakes that had been built into its fabric: some of them could be recognized as belonging to each of the three fragmentary larnakes (i, ii, v) whose scattered pieces were found below and around the two undisturbed burials in the chamber (iii, iv). We may thus distinguish two periods in the history of the tomb: larnakes i, ii, and v were evidently smashed up in order to make room for iv and iii, which must have been deposited in that order. The debris of v was found under iv, with a few adult bones in its wreckage. Part of i lay on the floor near the south-west corner, where two plain vases (2, 3) were found in situ, hence, also, came most of the fragments of the fine L.M. IIIA 2 stirrup vase (1), although its other pieces were scattered all over the floor of the tomb. This small group of offerings may belong to the disturbed adult skeleton, whose skull lay up against the lower edge of iii. Curiously, some fragments of i and ii were also found above the broken lid of iv (Plate 9 b): perhaps the lid of the later larnax was accidentally smashed at the time of the funeral, in which case the debris from earlier burials could have been piled up above it, as a rough and ready means of protection.

Anti-contiguity Crosslinguistically

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
Jason Kandybowicz
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
The West ◽  
African Languages

This chapter concludes the book by considering Anti-contiguity in a cross-linguistic context. It is shown that the proposal can be successfully applied to derive asymmetries in wh- in-situ distribution beyond the West African languages considered in Chapters 2–4. The chapter focuses on thirteen languages from diverse language families (Romance, Bantu, and Indo-Aryan, among others) and considers the implications of data from these languages for the final formulation of the Anti-contiguity condition. On the basis of these considerations, the Anti-contiguity constraint is parameterized. Among the languages considered against the backdrop of the Anti-contiguity proposal in this chapter are French; Spanish; Catalan; Zulu; Bàsàá; Duala; Shona; Lubukusu; Kiitharaka; Hindi-Urdu; Bangla; Iraqi Arabic; and Malayalam.

scholarly journals The vertical distribution of biomass burning pollution over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 5771-5790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoghan Darbyshire ◽  
William T. Morgan ◽  
James D. Allan ◽  
Dantong Liu ◽  
Michael J. Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
South America ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mixing Layer ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
The West ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Tropical South America

Abstract. We examine processes driving the vertical distribution of biomass burning pollution following an integrated analysis of over 200 pollutant and meteorological profiles measured in situ during the South AMerican Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment. This study will aid future work examining the impact of biomass burning on weather, climate and air quality. During the dry season there were significant contrasts in the composition and vertical distribution of haze between western and eastern regions of tropical South America. Owing to an active or residual convective mixing layer, the aerosol abundance was similar from the surface to ∼1.5 km in the west and ∼3 km in the east. Black carbon mass loadings were double as much in the east (1.7 µg m−3) than the west (0.85 µg m−3), but aerosol scattering coefficients at 550 nm were similar (∼120 Mm−1), as too were CO near-surface concentrations (310–340 ppb). We attribute these contrasts to the more flaming combustion of Cerrado fires in the east and more smouldering combustion of deforestation and pasture fires in the west. Horizontal wind shear was important in inhibiting mixed layer growth and plume rise, in addition to advecting pollutants from the Cerrado regions into the remote tropical forest of central Amazonia. Thin layers above the mixing layer indicate the roles of both plume injection and shallow moist convection in delivering pollution to the lower free troposphere. However, detrainment of large smoke plumes into the upper free troposphere was very infrequently observed. Our results reiterate that thermodynamics control the pollutant vertical distribution and thus point to the need for correct model representation so that the spatial distribution and vertical structure of biomass burning smoke is captured. We observed an increase of aerosol abundance relative to CO with altitude both in the background haze and plume enhancement ratios. It is unlikely associated with thermodynamic partitioning, aerosol deposition or local non-fire sources. We speculate it may be linked to long-range transport from West Africa or fire combustion efficiency coupled to plume injection height. Further enquiry is required to explain the phenomenon and explore impacts on regional climate and air quality.

The Genesee Connection: The Origins of Iroquois Culture in West-Central New York

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-44
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Palmer Niemczycki
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Current Concept ◽  
The West ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
West Central ◽  
Central New York

The Genesee Valley has long been recognized as a center of Iroquois development, but the connection between Owasco sites in the Genesee and Iroquois sequences in the adjacent regions has never been adequately demonstrated. Attempts to identify transitional Owasco-Iroquois sites in this region have been hampered by the use of diagnostic criteria based on data from eastern New York. This article examines ceramic patterns in the Genesee and establishes a regional cultural sequence based on ceramic criteria which have local diagnostic significance. This sequence reveals the transition from Owasco to Iroquois culture begins in the Genesee with a sudden influx of Ontario Iroquois ceramic traits from the west ca. 1250 A.D. This Owasco-Ontario Iroquois connection in the Genesee negates certain assumptions regarding Iroquois origins and alters our current concept of in situ development.

Large scale high resolution modelling of the West African rivers and aquifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Depeyre ◽  
Jean-Martial Cohard ◽  
Basile Hector ◽  
Reed Maxwell ◽  
Thierry Pellarin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
The West ◽  
Main Challenge

<p>West Africa has been classified as one of the most vulnerable regions in the world for water resources to face global changes, both climatic and demographic. The population is expected to double by 2050 leading to increased pressure on the use of water resources. In this context, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of major African hydrosystems as large rivers (Niger river, Senegal river...) and transboundary aquifers in order to predict the fate of water resources for the next decades. The ParFlow-CLM physical-based model was chosen for its ability to simulate surface water and groundwater dynamics in a coupled manner. This type of modelling makes it possible to represent the main hydrological processes observed over the whole West Africa region. It operates at a relatively fine spatial resolution (1 km²). The main challenge is to determine the hydrodynamic parameters of the soil for the entire region and on a 100 m thickness (i.e. 3.5 million pixels times 11 layers).</p><p>As a first step, the model was implemented on two catchments monitored by the AMMA-CATCH observatory. These two watersheds are representative of the major and contrasted processes found in WA : being respectively representative of Sudanian and Sahelian climates. In order to assess the relevance of the regional databases (SoilGrids and GLHYMPS), simulations were carried out with original and adjusted (based on observations) soil parameters and results were evaluated with local measurements. It appears that the deep weathered lithology is not considered in databases for most of hard-rock areas in intertropical areas with no tectonic uplift. Aquifer thicknesses, permeabilities and porosities have to be significantly enhanced for the model to represent the correct flow paths. Furthermore, in the Sahel where most of the annual precipitation falls during a dozen events only, a crust layer (consistent with observations) has been added to represent the large runoff coefficients which lead to the early season floods.</p><p>In a second step, the model was implemented at the West Africa scale using the adjusted soil parameters. These parameters were obtained using a simple linear law that have been applied uniformly over the entire domain and a mask over a part of the Sahel representative of the crusting zones. Results will be compared with both remotely sensed and in situ data : GRACE provides water stock variations at a very large scale, MERRA and ERA reanalysis provide evapotranspiration data. Altimeters and in situ measurements provide river flow data. In the near future the launch of the SWOT satellite will bring new observations to complete the current one. The evaluation of the different compartments of the hydrological cycle should reveal spatial discrepancies in the model's ability to represent processes, highlighting the points on which further work should focus.</p>

A checklist of marine sponges (Porifera) of peninsula India

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4885 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
ANITA M. GEORGE ◽  
ROB W.M. VAN SOEST ◽  
ROBERT D. SLUKA ◽  
S. LAZARUS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Southern India ◽  
The West ◽  
Southwest Coast ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
First Time

An inventory of sponges from the shallow subtidal reefs of the west and east coasts of southern India is presented. The specimens offered in this paper were based on in-situ collections unlike the previous records of dry and net-entangled collections. A total of 101 species belonging to 12 orders, 22 families, 5 subfamilies and 44 genera from 4 subclasses of Class Demospongiae and one species from Class Calcarea are recorded. We recorded 18 new records to India, six new species combinations, 37 potential new records, and 40 species for the first time from the southwest coast. 

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