Some implications of crustal movement in engineering planning

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Clark ◽  
N. P. Persoage
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Crustal Movement ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Movements of the earth's crust causing progressive changes in the levels of large bodies of water relative to their shorelines may influence the formulation of water resource projects and/or their continuing effectiveness with time. In the Great Lakes basin there is evidence of an uplift of the earth's crust, of about 1 ft per 100 y, in the northeasterly part of the basin relative to that in the southwest. This results in a corresponding lowering of water levels along the northeasterly shorelines and a rise in water levels along the southwest shores. In at least two of the lakes, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, the average depth of water will change with time. In Lake Huron, it will gradually decrease because the bed underlying the lake is rising with respect to the lake outlet. In Lake Ontario, the depth of water will increase since the lake outlet is rising with respect to the remainder of the lake. This paper reviews some of the engineering implications of the relative rates of crustal movement in the Great Lakes region on long-term management of the water levels of the Great Lakes.

Paleohydrology of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes from the late glacial to early Holocene

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Breckenridge ◽  
Thomas C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Michigan Basin ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Freshwater Fluxes

AbstractBetween 10,500 and 9000 cal yr BP, δ18O values of benthic ostracodes within glaciolacustrine varves from Lake Superior range from − 18 to − 22‰ PDB. In contrast, coeval ostracode and bivalve records from the Lake Huron and Lake Michigan basins are characterized by extreme δ18O variations, ranging from values that reflect a source that is primarily glacial (∼ − 20‰ PDB) to much higher values characteristic of a regional meteoric source (∼ − 5‰ PDB). Re-evaluated age models for the Huron and Michigan records yield a more consistent δ18O stratigraphy. The striking feature of these records is a sharp drop in δ18O values between 9400 and 9000 cal yr BP. In the Huron basin, this low δ18O excursion was ascribed to the late Stanley lowstand, and in the Lake Michigan basin to Lake Agassiz flooding. Catastrophic flooding from Lake Agassiz is likely, but a second possibility is that the low δ18O excursion records the switching of overflow from the Lake Superior basin from an undocumented northern outlet back into the Great Lakes basin. Quantifying freshwater fluxes for this system remains difficult because the benthic ostracodes in the glaciolacustrine varves of Lake Superior and Lake Agassiz may not record the average δ18O value of surface water.

scholarly journals Glacial Isostatic Adjustment of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin: Using the Empirical Record of Strandline Deformation for Reconstruction of Early Holocene Paleo-Lakes and Discovery of a Hydrologically Closed Phase*

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.F. Michael Lewis ◽  
Steve M. Blasco ◽  
Pierre L. Gareau
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract In the Great Lakes region, the vertical motion of crustal rebound since the last glaciation has decelerated with time, and is described by exponential decay constrained by observed warping of strandlines of former lakes. A composite isostatic response surface relative to an area southwest of Lake Michigan beyond the limit of the last glacial maximum was prepared for the complete Great Lakes watershed at 10.6 ka BP (12.6 cal ka BP). Uplift of sites computed using values from the response surface facilitated the transformation of a digital elevation model of the present Great Lakes basins to represent the paleogeography of the watershed at selected times. Similarly, the original elevations of radiocarbon-dated geomorphic and stratigraphic indicators of former lake levels were reconstructed and plotted against age to define lake level history. A comparison with the independently computed basin outlet paleo-elevations reveals a phase of severely reduced water levels and hydrologically-closed lakes below overflow outlets between 7.9 and 7.0 ka BP (8.7 and 7.8 cal ka BP) in the Huron-Michigan basin. Severe evaporative draw-down is postulated to result from the early Holocene dry climate when inflows of meltwater from the upstream Agassiz basin began to bypass the upper Great Lakes basin.

scholarly journals Genetic population structure of the round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) in North America: multiple markers reveal glacial refugia and regional subdivision

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Morgan ◽  
Carly F. Graham ◽  
Andrew G. McArthur ◽  
Amogelang R. Raphenya ◽  
Douglas R. Boreham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Genetic Population

Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) have a broad, disjunct range across northern North America and Eurasia, and little is known about their genetic population structure. We performed genetic analyses of round whitefish from 17 sites across its range using nine microsatellites, two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci, and 4918 to 8835 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Our analyses identified deep phylogenetic division between eastern and western portions of the range, likely indicative of origins from at least two separate Pleistocene glacial refugia. Regionally, microsatellites and SNPs identified congruent patterns in subdivision, and population structure was consistent with expectations based on hydrologic connectivity. Within the Laurentian Great Lakes, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario were identified as key areas of interest. Lake Huron appears to be a contemporary source population for several other Great Lakes, and Lake Ontario contains a genetically discrete group of round whitefish. In all cases, multiple genetic markers yielded similar patterns, but SNPs offered substantially enhanced resolution. We conclude that round whitefish have population subdivision on several scales important for understanding their evolutionary history and conservation planning.

Phosphorus Enrichment, Silica Utilization, and Biogeochemical Silica Depletion in the Great Lakes

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire L. Schelske ◽  
Eugene F. Stoermer ◽  
Gary L. Fahnenstiel ◽  
Mark Haibach
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Phosphorus Enrichment

Our hypothesis that silica (Si) depletion in Lake Michigan and the severe Si depletion that characterizes the lower Great Lakes were induced by increased phosphorus (P) inputs was supported by bioassay experiments showing increased Si uptake by diatoms with relatively small P enrichments. We propose that severe Si depletion (Si concentrations being reduced to ≤0.39 mg SiO2∙L−1 prior to thermal stratification) results when P levels are increased to the extent that increased diatom production reduces Si concentrations to limiting levels during the thermally mixed period. Large P enrichments such as those that characterized the eastern and central basis of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in the early 1970s are necessary to produce severe Si depletion. It is clear that severe Si depletion in the lower lakes was produced by P enrichment because inflowing waters from Lake Huron have smaller P concentrations and larger Si concentrations than the outflowing waters of either Lake Erie or Lake Ontario. Severe Si depletion probably began in the 1940s or 1950s as the result of increased P loads from expanded sewering of an increasing urban population and the introduction of phosphate detergents. The model proposed for biogeochemical Si depletion is consistent with previous findings of high rates of internal recycling because, under steady-state conditions for Si inputs, any increase in diatom production will produce an increase in permanent sedimentation of biogenic Si provided some fraction of the increased biogenic Si production is not recycled or unless there is a compensating increase in dissolution of diatoms.

Stratigraphy of the Sixteen Mile Creek lagoon, and its implications for Lake Ontario water levels

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1175-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Flint ◽  
R. W. Dalrymple ◽  
J. J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Lake Outlet

The sequence of units (from the base up) in the Sixteen Mile Creek lagoon (Lake Ontario) mimics the longitudinal sequence of surficial environments: pink silt—overbank (flood plain – dry marsh); bottom sand—stream channel and beach; orange silt—marsh; gyttja—wet marsh and very shallow (deltaic) lagoon; and brown and grey clay—open-water lagoon. This entire sequence accumulated over the last 4200 years under slowly deepening, transgressive conditions caused by the isostatic rise of the lake outlet. Land clearing by European settlers dramatically increased the supply of clastic sediment and terminated the deposition of the organic-rich silty clays (gyttja) that make up most of the lagoon fill.Because the gyttja and beach sand are interpreted to have accumulated in water depths of less than 0.5 m, the elevation–time plot of 14C dates from these units can be used to reconstruct a very closely constrained lake-level curve. The data indicate that water levels have risen at an average rate of 0.25 cm/a over the last 3300 years as a result of differential, isostatic rebound. Superimposed on this trend are water-level oscillations with amplitudes on the order of 1 m and periods of several hundred years. These oscillations are synchronous and in phase with water-level fluctuations in Lake Michigan, and with a variety of other climatic variations in North America and Europe. We propose, therefore, that the water-level oscillations are a result of long-term, climatically produced variations in precipitation in the Great Lakes drainage basin.

ELECTRONIC DESKTOP MAPPING: ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ATLASES OF THE GREAT LAKES

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 855A-855
Author(s):  
Philip Baker ◽  
Christine Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Environmental Sensitivity ◽  
Common Basis

ABSTRACT Environmental sensitivity atlases of the Canadian shorelines of Lake Superior, Lake Ontario, and Lake Huron have been completed in digital (desktop geographic information system) and paper formats for use in responses to spills of oil and other hazardous materials. These atlases allow responders to work from a common basis to rapidly identify the resources at risk during a spill and their relative priorities for protection and cleanup.

scholarly journals Recent changes in abundance and cell size of pelagic diatoms in the North American Great Lakes

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUAN D. REAVIE ◽  
RICHARD P. BARBIERO
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
Centric Diatoms ◽  
North American Great Lakes ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Pennate Diatoms

Changes in diatom abundance and cell size in Great Lakes phytoplankton collections were examined from two periods, 1996–1999 and 2007–2008. Trends indicate marked shifts in pelagic diatoms, including diatom total biovolume and cell density declines. Concurrent with these changes have been establishments of invasive species, water quality changes and longer stratification periods resulting from climate warming. No consistent change in cell sizes was observed in diatoms between the two periods in the Great Lakes basin as a whole, but lake- and taxon-specific changes were apparent. Cell size declines include centric and pennate diatoms in the spring in Lake Huron and pennate diatoms in the spring in Lake Superior. Increases in cell size occurred for centric diatoms in Lake Erie and pennate diatoms in the summer in lakes Michigan and Ontario. Some of the more dominant taxa exhibited lake-specific shifts. For instance, lightly-silicified diatoms such as Nitzschia increased in length in Lake Huron, possibly as an adaptation to climate warming and/or declining nutrient supplies. Difficulty in explaining the observed changes in cell sizes is acknowledged, but continued study of these trends is critical to understanding impacts on Great Lakes food webs.

Water-level fluctuations in Lake Ontario over the last 4000 years as recorded in the Cataraqui River lagoon, Kingston, Ontario

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1330-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Dalrymple ◽  
John S. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Western Great Lakes ◽  
Low Levels

The modern sediments in the Cataraqui River lagoon and marsh (Kingston, Ontario) consist of mixtures of organic material and clayey silts, the organic content of which increases as water depth decreases; gyttjas are accumulating in the deeper water parts of the lagoon, whereas peat is the dominant sediment in the very shallow water portion of the lagoon (< 0.7 m) and in the adjacent marsh. Cores show that one partial (modern) and two complete depositional cycles (gyttja passing upwards into peat) have formed within the last 4000 years. The contact between cycles (gyttja over peat) is abrupt. These cycles are interpreted as resulting from fluctuations in the level of Lake Ontario about the long-term rising trend. Radiocarbon dates show that relatively low levels prevailed from 4100 to 3300 BP and from 2300 to 1900 BP; rapid rises in water level, which are indicated by the abrupt contact between cycles, occurred at 3300–3100 BP and some time between 2000 and 1500 BP. These water-level changes are synchronous with those shown by other studies in Lake Ontario and with century-scale paleoclimatic events. The high stands correlate with wet periods, and perhaps also with warm periods in the eastern part of the Great Lakes basin, but an inverse relationship between precipitation and temperature in the western Great Lakes suggests that the Great Lakes basin does not respond uniformly to climatic changes.

scholarly journals Results of complex seismological, geophysical and geochemical researches on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan in 2016-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Khaskil Magomedov ◽  
Djamaludin Taimazov ◽  
Zarakhman Adilov ◽  
Magomedrasul Magomed-Kasumov
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Geodynamic Processes ◽  
Tectonic Earthquakes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Earth's Crust

The work describes the research and development carried out at the DD GS RAS over the past 5 years, mainly of an innovative nature. These developments include the computer program "Con-struction the transfer function between time series based on the relative amplitudes of coherent harmonics", invention "Method for reconstructing dynamic processes in the earth's crust based on seismic observations ", implemented in computer program "Reconstruction of geodynamic processes based on seismic observations", SEISMO program, invention "Method for predicting tectonic earthquakes" implemented in the computer program "Detector of deformation anomalies parameters in the earth's crust based on areal observations of geofields", computer program "Maps builder of seismic station networks registration capabilities". Their application provided scientific results of a priority nature, the main of which are the identification of a significant cor-relation between time series of concentrations and dispersions of hydrogen and helium and the seismic regime of the region, establishment of dominance in atmospheric pressure variations and in the response to them of water levels in wells of semidiurnal harmonic, while in intraday fluc-tuations of weak seismicity, the 24-hour harmonic dominates, which unambiguously excludes atmospheric pressure from the possible causes of daily variations, correlation of synchronous peaks in the time variation of the intraday harmonics amplitudes in temperature observations in a well with the world's strongest earthquakes, establishment a fact of weak seismicity modulation by a semidiurnal tidal wave M2, detection in variations of weak seismicity along with the daily harmonic S1 (24h) of stable intraday harmonics S2 (12h), S3 (8h) and S4 (6h). A number of priori-ty results obtained in collaboration with employees of the Siberian Division GS RAS and the In-stitute of Physics of the Earth RAS are also described.

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