Groundwater flow systems in the crystalline rocks of the Okanagan Highland, British Columbia

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Crystalline Rock ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Two Dimensional Flow

An investigation of the groundwater flow systems associated with the most prominent topographic expression in the Okanagan Highland (a U-shaped valley) revealed that the hydraulic conductivity of the crystalline rock varies exponentially with depth, and that the local flow systems within the upper 125 to 150 ft of the crystalline rock conduct an estimated 10 to 17 Imperial gallons per day per foot thickness in a two-dimensional flow system. These local flow systems are quantitatively the most significant in the Okanagan Highland.

Groundwater flow systems analysis on a regional and nation-wide scale in the Netherlands; the use of flow systems analysis in wetland management

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Kloosterman ◽  
R. J. Stuurman ◽  
R. van der Meijden
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Strong Relation

The project “National Groundwater Flow System Analysis” in The Netherlands was initiated in 1991 and will last until 1995. Financed by three Dutch Ministries, the project aims at the mapping of the regional groundwater flow systems to support policy makers at national levels and water/nature resources management. Much emphasis is put on biotic aspects such as the relation between groundwater and patterns in vegetation. The results are used in a detailed flow system analysis of the eco-hydrological valuable drainage basin of the brooks Beerze and Reusel in the southern parts of the country. In this study vegetation patterns and hydrological situations were analyzed in present and in historical settings to unravel the changes in the last decades leading to severe deterioration of habitats and wetlands. Historical data on flora from the beginning of this century on the basis of km-grid cells show a strong relation with the historical exfiltration areas where deep alkaline groundwaters rich in calcium-carbonate emerged. Agriculture and man-made changes to the natural drainage systems have led to diminishing nature values. Combining a sound understanding of the groundwater flow systems and the changes in the last decades produced a number of practical and viable measures to restore historical wetland settings and to preserve existing ones.

scholarly journals The Control of Groundwater Flow Systems and Geochemical Processes on Groundwater Chemistry: A Case Study in Wushenzhao Basin, NW China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Lyu ◽  
Zhonghe Pang ◽  
Lihe Yin ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Tianming Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Nw China ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Flow Systems

The lowest reaches of a large-scale basin could be the discharge areas of local, intermediate and regional groundwater flow systems with significantly distinct travel distances and travel times. This study aims to delineate the groundwater chemical characteristics and the mechanism controlling the chemical evolution in the lowest reaches of the Wushenzhao Cretaceous basin, NW China. A total of 38 groundwater samples were collected and were chemically classified into five distinct water types by means of a Piper Plot. According to the hydrogeological setting and groundwater age, the spatial distribution of these water types is found to be associated with hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems (local and regional system): Types 1, 2, 3 and 4 belong to the local groundwater flow system, while type 5 belongs to the regional flow system. Graphical plots, stable isotopes and geochemical modeling techniques were used to interpret the observed compositions. The results show the dominance of carbonate and gypsum dissolution in type 1 waters; ion exchange in types 2, 3 and 4; and evaporite dissolution in type 5. In addition, human activities in the form of extensive irrigation also affect the chemical compositions of type 1 water. These findings are important for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the study area.

Groundwater flow pattern and age distribution under transient conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menggui Jin ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jiale Wang ◽  
Xing Liang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density Function ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Stagnation Point ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Groundwater Flow System ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Upper Boundary

<p>The distribution of groundwater ages under transient conditions are investigated by a numerical model coupled groundwater flow and age, and the nested pattern of groundwater flow are determined by the probability density function of residence time. The variation of local groundwater flow system to the fluctuation of upper boundary head evolves rapidly. During the process from the initial steady to the unsteady state, the groundwater age field evolves with simulation time and gradually reaches a new dynamic equilibrium after about 50 years. The age abrupt interface between the local and intermediate flow systems gradually shifts upward, and the scale of the local flow system gradually decreases. The groundwater ages of the regional and intermediate flow systems are mainly controlled by the long-term dynamic component of the upper boundary head, while the local flow systems are mainly influenced by the transient periodic fluctuation. The location of the stagnation points are mainly controlled by the upper boundary head. The larger head difference between recharge and discharge area is, the greater penetrated depth of the stagnation point is. The location of the stagnation point indicates the penetrated depth of the local flow system. The larger head fluctuates, the deeper stagnation point is, leading to a greater penetration depth of the local flow system. Molecular dispersion causes the scatters of residence time probability density function to aggregate near the inflection point, and the aggregation area mainly locates at the junction of basin-scale flow systems. The transition of groundwater flow field will intensify the mixing of old and new water, leading to the blurring or even disappearance of the residence time abrupt interface. The dispersion of groundwater mixing is poor in steady state, and the convective-dispersive effect gradually increases with time in unsteady state. Traditional hydraulics methods based on flow nets and stagnation points can effectively identify the groundwater flow system, but the differences in groundwater chemical characteristics and ages at long-term scales cannot be clearly described by these methods, as well as the evolution of groundwater flow system at long time scale. The groundwater residence time distribution expressed by the probability density function, which comprehensively involves the spatial and temporal information of groundwater interaction, can help accurately distinguish different groundwater flow systems at long time scales. The methods proposed in this study will act as a meaningful guidance for the delineation of groundwater flow system in the real world.</p>

Complex groundwater flow systems in the light of climate change: response of combined fluid driving forces on recharge reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timea Trásy-Havril ◽  
Szilvia Szkolnikovics-Simon ◽  
Judit Mádl-Szőnyi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Flow Domain ◽  
Gravity Driven Flow

<p>Climate change induced alteration of recharge is expected to have diverse effects on groundwater levels, which could also modify the fragmentation and hierarchy of groundwater flow systems, including their dimensions and relative positions.</p><p>This study put emphasis on how flow system hierarchy may change due to recharge reduction in complex, vertically superimposed groundwater flow systems with different fluid driving forces through an example of the Duna-Tisza Interfluve in Hungary. Two main groundwater flow domain was identified by previous authors in this area with a separate source of water. Recharge to the upper, unconfined, gravitational regime is inferred to occur from infiltrating precipitation, while the underlying confined, overpressured flow domain is maintained by pore volume reduction due to tectonic compression of the basement (Tóth and Almási 2001, Almási 2003, Mádl-Szőnyi and Tóth 2009). The exposure of these groundwater flow systems, one is driven by gravity and other one is by overpressure, is completely different to the effects of changes in hydrologic parameters. Local scale gravity-driven flow systems are identified to be the most vulnerable to atmospheric processes (Kurylyk et al., 2014), while overpressured upward flow is driven by tectonic compression, and thus independent of climatic variation.</p><p>Two-dimensional transient numerical simulations were performed to gain insight into the response of this complex flow system to the predicted climate change of the region. Special emphasis is placed on i) how relative rate and influence of the different driving forces may change due to the predicted recharge reduction, ii) how the fragmentation of the flow field may alter, iii) how the penetration depth of upper, gravity-driven flow field may adjust to these changes and iv) how groundwater-related shallow surface water bodies will be affected by these changes.</p><p>Understanding the effects of changed hydrologic conditions on such complex flow patterns and recharge-discharge relationships as well as on interactions with surface water bodies can help to set-up three-dimensional site-specific models. These models provide a base to better mitigate and prepare for the consequences of predicted future changes.</p><p>The research is supported by the ÚNKP-20-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, as well as by the József and Erzsébet Tóth Endowed Hydrogeology Chair. This work is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 810980.</p>

The evolution and non-fickian flow of local stagnant zones in hierarchically nested groundwater flow system under different rainfall infiltration intensity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronglin Sun ◽  
Liqun Jiang ◽  
Xing Liang ◽  
Menggui Jin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Rainfall Infiltration ◽  
Stagnant Zone ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Discharge Area ◽  
Directional Flow ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Flow Systems

<p>Groundwater plays an active role in certain geologic processes that has been recognized in numerous subdisciplines for a long time. According to Toth (1963, 2009), gravity-driven regional groundwater flow is induced by elevation differences in the water table and its pattern is self-organized into hierarchical sets of local, intermediate and regional flow systems.  Convergence of two flow systems results in a stagnant zone called hydraulic trap which is under the discharge area, and diverge of two flow systems results in a stagnant zone called quasi-stagnant zone which is under the water divide. These stagnant zones have been found to be critical to accumulation of transported mineral matter. Based on analytical and numerical solutions, some researchers reported that the local stagnant point or zone that are located under the local counter directional flow system. There is a question that whether hydraulic trap and quasi-stagnant zone is separate or integrate, and whether they are located under the discharge area or water divide or counter directional flow systems.</p><p>In this study, two-dimensional numerical cross-sectional model is used to investigate the effect of climate change on local stagnant zones and whether the hydraulic trap and quasi-stagnant zone is separate or integrate. Considering the climate change of basin and the change of rainfall infiltration intensity, a flux upper boundary is used to simulate the rainfall recharge. Then a synthetic homogeneous sandbox with three potential sinks is used to validate the evolution of the hierarchical nested groundwater flow systems considering different rainfall infiltration intensity. Salt tracer test is used to investigate the effect of stagnant zones on solute transport.</p><p>According to numerical results, we concluded that the hydraulic traps and quasi-stagnant are possible to be separate only for simple local systems and the two local stagnant zones are located on two sides of the counter directional flow system. When nested flow systems occur, such as local-intermediate, local-intermediate-local, local-regional, the local hydraulic traps and quasi-stagnant zones are always integrated under the local counter directional flow systems. Laboratory results show that when the rainfall infiltration intensity reduce, the groundwater flow pattern will change and the penetration depth and scope of counter directional local flow system will decrease. The corresponding local stagnant zone will slowly be closing to the discharge area of that counter directional local flow system. Salt tracer tests show that there are obvious non-fickian phenomenon in the local stagnant zones in hierarchically nested flow systems even in the homogeneous aquifer.</p>

Abnormal groundwater flow system between two rivers: a numerical investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ruoyi ◽  
Wang Xu-Sheng ◽  
Han Peng-Fei
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Groundwater Flow System ◽  
Through Flow ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Infiltration Recharge

<p>Groundwater flow system has long been recognized as the local, intermediate and regional flow systems since Toth (1963). For groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer between two parallel rivers (or ditches), as indicated by Hubbert (1940), there are two local flow systems contributing groundwater discharge to the two rivers from infiltration recharge. Surprisingly, this model has never been examined until Han et al. (2019) pointed out that something may be wrong: not only two flow systems exist. The problem was further investigated with a two-dimensional numerical model on MODFLOW for saturated groundwater flow below the arch-shape water table receiving a uniform infiltration recharge. Streamlines were obtained with MODPATH to identify the flow systems. We discovered that an abnormal groundwater flow system could emerge beneath the two local flow systems under some conditions, which forms a pass through flow from the high river to the low river. This pass-through flow system exists when the water level difference between the two rivers is sufficiently large and the infiltration recharge is sufficiently low. As a result, the base flow of the low river may be not only attributed to the captured infiltration recharge from the nearby local flow system but also partly originated from the high river. The ratio of the contribution from the pass-through flow system to the total groundwater discharge toward the low river could be higher than 20% and almost linearly increases with the water level difference between two rivers. More details of such an abnormal groundwater flow system were investigated as well.  </p>

Comparison of Groundwater Flow Systems under the Control of Different Aquifer Structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2688-2692
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Zhen Hong Zhao ◽  
Hong Yun Ma ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Li Guo
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Ordos Basin ◽  
Groundwater Flow System ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
The Ordos Basin

The structure of groundwater flow system is the core of study of groundwater system and the base of evaluation of groundwater resources. The control role of aquifer system to groundwater flow system is a key of study of the structure of groundwater flow system. The groundwater systems of the Ordos basin are analyzed as a case study. The control role of aquifer system to groundwater flow system is studied by comparison of groundwater flow systems under the control of different aquifer structures in 2-D profile numerical model. The research shows that the groundwater flow systems of the Ordos basin have the multilayer structure characteristics. The groundwater flow systems in the north of the Ordos basin show a cross-formational multi-hierarchy nested flow pattern in the northern aquifer systems without regional impermeable layer where the hydraulic connection between aquifer layers is closely. While, the hydraulic connection is discontinuous in the southern aquifer systems because there are regional impermeable layers in the aquifer systems. The groundwater flow systems in the south of the Ordos basin show a follow-formational flow pattern.

TRANSIENT GROUNDWATER FLOW SURROUNDING A RECHARGE SLOUGH IN A TILL PLAIN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. MILLS ◽  
M. A. ZWARICH
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conductivity Water ◽  
Surface Saturation ◽  
The One

Knowledge of the groundwater flow system around a slough aids in the resolution of conflicting opinions on slough drainage. This study reports on the flow system around a typical temporary slough in a low relief till plain landscape. The site is located in a regional groundwater recharge area, with till of low hydraulic conductivity overlying a shale aquifer. The distribution of soil profile types in the landscape reflects a wide range of soil water regimes. Instrumentation at the site revealed an annual cycle of water levels and transient flow that was related to spring ponding of water in the slough. Numerical simulation of the flow system, under conditions of ponding, surface saturation, and evapotranspiration, helped to clarify and extend the field observations. Each depression in the landscape has a local flow system that is superimposed on the regional system. Hydraulic conductivity, water supply to the slough, and the amount and timing of infiltration and exfiltration all affect the local flow system. Temporary sloughs, such as the one studied, do not benefit agriculture, but drainage of these sloughs raises other concerns. Key words: Groundwater, transient flow, recharge, slough, pothole, simulation

Groundwater flow systems and slope stability

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. L. Hodge ◽  
R. Allan Freeze
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Groundwater Flow Systems ◽  
Regional Flow ◽  
Pore Water Pressures ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Maximum Conductivity ◽  
The Stability

Slope stability analyses carried out in terms of effective stress require an understanding of the distribution of pore-water pressures in a slope. This understanding must be based on a knowledge of the groundwater flow system, which is in turn dependent on the regional geologic environment and the configuration of hydraulic conductivity contrasts. This paper presents several computer simulations of flow systems in a variety of hypothetical slopes. Results show that the presence of low-conductivity units at the surface or at depth can be extremely detrimental to stability, particularly if they confine units of higher conductivity. The contrast in conductivity need not be more than two orders of magnitude. Such situations are common in thrust blocks, interbedded sedimentary rocks, weathering profiles, and deformed metamorphic rocks. Groundwater conditions critical to stability arise in anisotropic formations, where the axis of maximum conductivity is parallel to the dip of the slope. Fluctuations in regional flow systems can be critical to the stability of unconsolidated, terraced sediments.

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