Major-element geochemistry of the Noranda volcanic belt, Quebec-Ontario

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. A. Baragar
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
High Pressure Studies ◽  
Stratigraphic Height

The results of detailed mapping and sampling of two sections of Blake River Group volcanic rocks in the Noranda, Quebec region are presented and discussed. The Duparquet section, west of Lac Duparquet, crosses the north limb of a regional synclinorium where the assemblage is more than 40 000 ft thick. Continuity in upper levels of the succession is disrupted by folds, and the relative stratigraphic position of a sequence south of the folds near the synclinorium axis is uncertain but is interpreted as younger. The base of the section is the Porcupine-Destor fault. A subordinate section 40 miles to the east comprises a 12 500-ft thick assemblage overlying Kewagama sediments. Both sections were sampled at 400–500 ft stratigraphic intervals. The samples were analyzed for major elements by X-ray fluorescence and rapid chemical methods and the results checked by classical chemical analyses.Basalts and andesites are predominant rock types. Acidic volcanic rocks, prominent in assemblages a few miles east of the Duparquet section, may be represented by mixed acid–basic fragmental layers that occur in upper levels of the Duparquet section. Pumpellyite and prehnite are indicative of the low metamorphic grade of the rocks.Salient features of the chemistry of the Duparquet section are: (1) Al2O3 increases steadily with stratigraphic height throughout the lower 40 000-ft succession, the upper 15 000 ft of which are high alumina lavas, but is of normal content in the presumed higher levels near the synclinorium axis; (2) iron content and color index decrease markedly and MgO and TiO2 contents moderately with stratigraphic height, but all revert to more normal values in the supposedly higher sequence; (3) the remaining constituents show less distinct trends, but SiO2 and K2O are generally higher in upper levels of the section. In the subordinate section compositions are fairly constant and match those in the lower part of the Duparquet section. Noranda rocks resemble circumoceanic basalts except for markedly lower Al2O3 and K2O.Speculation on causes of the stratigraphic variations in composition are based on recent high-pressure studies. Increasing alumina content with stratigraphic height is attributed to a secular rise in the depth of magma generation from below about 35 km to above. Late production of acidic magmas may be due to eventual melting of parts of the crust.

Petrology and geochemistry of Cambrian volcanic rocks from the Avalon Zone in New Brunswick

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Greenough ◽  
S. R. McCutcheon ◽  
V. S. Papezik
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Mafic Rocks ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Petrology And Geochemistry ◽  
Eastern Seaboard ◽  
Highly Evolved

Lower to Middle Cambrian volcanic rocks occur within the Avalon Zone of southern New Brunswick at Beaver Harbour and in the Long Reach area. The Beaver Harbour rocks are intensely altered, but the major- and trace-element geochemistry indicates that they could be highly evolved (basaltic andesites) within-plate basalts. The mafic flows from the Long Reach area form two chemically and petrologically distinct groups: (1) basalts with feldspar phenocrysts that represent evolved continental tholeiites with some oceanic characteristics; and (2) a group of aphyric basalts showing extremely primitive continental tholeiite compositions, also with oceanic affinities and resembling some rift-related Jurassic basalts on the eastern seaboard. Felsic pyroclastic rocks in the Long Reach area make the suite bimodal. This distribution of rock types supports conclusions from the mafic rocks that the area experienced tension throughout the Early to Middle Cambrian.

Overview of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in California and Southwestern Nevada

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
R. Mark Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
North American ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Asbestos

ABSTRACT Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is being discovered in a widening array of geologic environments. The complex geology of the state of California is an excellent example of the variety of geologic environments and rock types that contain NOA. Notably, the majority of California rocks were emplaced during a continental collision of eastward-subducting oceanic and island arc terranes (Pacific and Farallon plates) with the westward continental margin of the North American plate between 65 and 150 MY BP. This collision and accompanying accretion of oceanic and island arc material from the Pacific plate onto the North American plate, as well as the thermal events caused by emplacement of the large volcanic belt that became today's Sierra Nevada mountain range, are the principal processes that produced the rocks where the majority of NOA-bearing units have been identified.

A Cambrian island arc in Iapetus: geochronology and geochemistry of the Lake Ambrose volcanic belt, Newfoundland Appalachians

1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Dunning ◽  
H. S. Swinden ◽  
B. F. Kean ◽  
D. T. W. Evans ◽  
G. A. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Geochemical Type ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
South Central ◽  
Iapetus Ocean ◽  
Felsic Volcanic

AbstractThe Lake Ambrose volcanic belt (LAVB) outcrops as a 45 km long northeast-trending belt of mafic and felsic volcanic rocks along the eastern side of the Victoria Lake Group in south-central Newfoundland. It comprises roughly equal proportions of mafic pillow basalt and high silica rhyolite, locally interbedded with epiclastic turbidites. Volcanic rocks have been metamorphosed in the greenschist facies and are extensively carbonatized.U-Pb (zircon) dates from rhyolite at two, widely separated localities give identical ages of 513 ± 2 Ma (Upper Cambrian), and this is interpreted as the eruptive age of the volcanic sequence. Primitive arc and low-K tholeiites can be recognized on the basis of major and trace element geochemistry, ranging from LREE-depleted to LREE-enriched. Geochemical variation between mafic volcanic types is interpreted predominantly to reflect contrasts in source characteristics and degree of partial melting; some variation within each geochemical type attributable to fractional crystallization can be recognized. Detailed examination of some samples indicates that the heavy REE and related elements have locally been mobile, probably as a result of carbonate complexing.The LAVB is the oldest well-dated island arc sequence in Newfoundland, and perhaps in the Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen. Its age requires modification of widely held models for the tectonic history of central Newfoundland. It is older than the oldest known ophiolite, demonstrating that arc volcanism was extant before the generation of the oldest known oceanic crust in this part of Iapetus. It further demonstrates that there was a maximum of approximately 30 Ma between the rift-drift transition which initiated Iapetus, and the initiation of subduction. This suggests that the oceanic sequences preserved in Newfoundland represent a series of arcs and back arc basins marginal to the main Iapetus Ocean, and brings into question whether the Appalachian accreted terranes contain any remnants of normal mid-ocean ridge type Iapetan crust.

scholarly journals Lithostratigraphy, geology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of the Vaigat Formation on Disko and Nuussuaq, Paleocene of West Greenland

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 1-244
Author(s):  
Asger Ken Pedersen ◽  
Lotte Melchior Larsen ◽  
Gunver Krarup Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
First Episode ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Magma Reservoirs ◽  
Native Iron ◽  
Volcanic Succession ◽  
High Level ◽  
Contamination Events

The Paleocene volcanic rocks in the Nuussuaq Basin on Disko and Nuussuaq comprise the Vaigat Formation (c. 62–61 Ma) and the Maligât Formation (c. 60 Ma). The Vaigat Formation in this area is 0–1600 m thick and is dominated by olivine-rich picrites. The formation was deposited during three volcanic episodes and is divided into 10 formally defined members and about 20 informal units. The first episode gave rise to the Anaanaa Member. The second episode gave rise to the Naujánguit Member, which is intercalated with the minor, crustally contaminated Nuusap Qaqqarsua, Nuuk Killeq, Asuk, Tunoqqu and Kûgánguaq members and the uncontaminated Qordlortorssuaq Member. The third episode gave rise to the Ordlingassoq Member and the minor alkaline Manîtdlat Member. Contemporaneous sediments deposited during the first two episodes are the marine Eqalulik Formation, and during the third episode the nonmarine Atanikerluk Formation. During the second episode, the polarity of the geomagnetic field changed from normal (Chron C27n) via a transition zone to reversed (C26r). The deposits of the first volcanic episode are situated on western Nuussuaq. During the second and third episodes, the volcanism gradually spread eastwards and southwards so that the Vaigat Formation now forms a domed structure, thickest in the north, thinning out on northern Disko and reaching eastwards to the high gneiss country on central Nuussuaq. The earliest eruptions took place on the sea floor and quickly built up a subaerial lava plateau. All three episodes gave rise to complicated facies changes between subaqueous and subaerial eruption products caused by the eastmoving volcanism, subsidence, volcanic aggradation and blockage of the sea connection against the elevated eastern gneiss country. Eruption sites are widespread for all three volcanic episodes. Within certain time periods, a number of contemporaneous high-level magma reservoirs developed within sediments of the Nuussuaq Group, and the crustally contaminated members formed in these reservoirs by reaction between Mg-rich magmas and sediments. The uncontaminated rocks in the Vaigat Formation are picrites with 12–31 wt% MgO and subordinate basalts with 7–12 wt% MgO. The crustally contaminated rocks range from silicic picrites with 12–16 wt% MgO (Nuusap Qaqqarsua Member) to native-iron-bearing magnesian andesites with 6–10 wt% MgO and up to 62 wt% SiO2 (Asuk Member). The Asuk Member includes unique, strongly reduced rock types with native iron, graphite and sulfide. The contaminated units have individually distinct compositions, indicating individually different contamination events. The alkaline Manîtdlat Member contains an enriched lithospheric component. Present-day seeps of migrated oil are widespread in the oldest part of the volcanic succession on western Nuussuaq. Some of the contaminated magmas in the Asuk and Kûgánguaq members have fractionated sulfides with Cu and Ni and have been explored for nickel and platinum-group elements. 

scholarly journals Chau Thoi and Nui Gio volcanic rocks: A remnant of the Loei Phetchabun volcanic belt in Viet Nam

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1879-1888
Author(s):  
Tuan Anh Nguyen ◽  
Doan Thi Thuy ◽  
Ngo Tran Thien Quy ◽  
Lan Ching Yin
Keyword(s):  
Earth Science ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Volcanic Island ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Continental Plate

Introduction: Extrusive volcanic rocks, such as dacite, andesite, basalto-andesite, basalt… of Chau Thoi and Nui Gio hills in Bien Hoa and Binh Phuoc provinces, southern Viet Nam, characterize volcanic island arc rocks. These rock suites formed as the convergent tectonic between the Indochina and Sibumasu geological blocks. Methods: Geochemical data of rock samples collected on the field were examined and analyzed by the Academia Sinica I E S (Institute of Earth Science, Taiwan and processed with a GCD kit (Geochemical Data Toolkit) to ascertain their characteristics and geotectonic setting. Result: Geochemical data both in major elements and trace elements of the Chau Thoi – Nui Gioshow a specific characteristic of a volcanic island arc environment. Discussion: Chau Thoi and Nui Gio rocks are suitable to correlate to the Permian Thailand Loei Phetchabun volcanic belt. However, at the current time, Chau Thoi and Nui Gio rocks have been classified as Deo Bao Loc formation - late Jurassic to early Cretaceous in ages - belong Truong Son magmatic belt. This magmatic belt resulted from the Yanshanian orogeny by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate beneath the Eurasia (Indochina) continental plate. More studies needed to be performed, specially geochronological data to support the study. Conclusion: Chau Thoi and Nui Gio rock suites characterize volcanic island arc rocks, products of a convergence tectonic between Indochina and Sibumasu blocks. They are remnants of the Thailand Loei Phetchabun volcanic belt, the first time reported in Vietnam.

New paleomagnetic data for Ochotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lebedev ◽  
Olesya Usanova ◽  
Tanya Fadeeva ◽  
Florian Lhuillier ◽  
Baha Eid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Magnetic Fabric ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The North ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Chukotka Volcanic Belt ◽  
Normal Polarity

<p class="db9fe9049761426654245bb2dd862eecMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt (OChVB),  located in the north-eastern part of Russia, is a unique volcanic structure, which has been formed over a wide time interval from Aptian (K1) to Cenomanian (K2) [Tihomirov, 2018]. Age of its formation nearly coincides with the occurrence of the Cretaceous geomagnetic superchron of normal polarity. Thus, the volcanic formations of the OChVB represent a promising object to study the characteristics of the geomagnetic field during the Cretaceous superchron (direction, paleointensity, secular variations) needed to test various models explaining superchrons’s existence .</span></p> <p class="db9fe9049761426654245bb2dd862eecMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">During the reconnaissance field work of the summer 2019 we have sampled volcanic rocks in 9 sections each includes from 8 to 30 sites corresponding either to lava flow or to tuff layers.</span></p> <p class="db9fe9049761426654245bb2dd862eecMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Up to date we have carried out AF demagnetization, petromagnetic and AMS studies. Demagnetisations studies demonstrate that the rocks contain paleomagnetic record of the ancient (primary?) magnetization of good to excellent quality. Petromagnetic experiments indicate that the main magnetic mineral in majority of studied volcanics is titanomagnetite with pseudo-single domain grain size. We use the magnetic fabric derived from AMS studies to test either the modern attitude (slight dipping up to 10-15˚) of studied rocks is due to primary paleorelief or the rocks have experienced some tectonic deformations.</span></p>

scholarly journals Petrogenesis and geochronology of the Arkasani Granophyre and felsic Dalma volcanic rocks: implications for the evolution of the Proterozoic North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, east India

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.N. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
D.R. NELSON ◽  
E.R. THERN ◽  
W. ALTERMANN
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Mobile Belt ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Ne India ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Felsic Volcanic

AbstractThe North Singhbhum Mobile Belt (NSMB) is a 200 km long, curved Proterozoic fold–thrust belt that skirts the northern margin of the Archean Singhbhum Craton of NE India. The Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) developed between the Dhanjori and Chaibasa formations near the southern margin of the NSMB and represents an important Cu-U-P metallotect. A SHRIMP U–Pb zircon date of 1861±6 Ma, obtained for the syn- to post-kinematic Arkasani Granophyre that has intruded the SSZ, provides a minimum age for the prolonged tectonic activity and mineralization along the SSZ and for the time of closure of the Chaibasa and Dhanjori sub-basins. The Dalma Volcanic Belt, a submarine rift-related bimodal mafic-felsic volcanic suite, forms the spine of the NSMB. A SHRIMP U–Pb zircon igneous crystallization date of 1631±6 Ma was obtained for an unfoliated felsic volcanic rock from the base of the Dalma volcanic sequence. These new findings suggest that the different sub-basins in the NSMB evolved diachronously under contrasting tectonic environments and were juxtaposed during a later orogenic movement.

Evolution of 3.1 and 3.0 Ga volcanic belts and a new thermotectonic model for the Hopedale Block, North Atlantic craton (Canada)

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
D T James ◽  
S Kamo ◽  
T Krogh
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Tholeiitic Basalt ◽  
Amphibolite Facies ◽  
Metasedimentary Rocks ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Metavolcanic Rocks ◽  
Block Based ◽  
Felsic Volcanic

A new model for evolution of the Archean Hopedale Block, based on mapping and supporting U–Pb geochronological and geochemical studies, is highlighted by (i) ca. 3.25 Ga emplacement of igneous precursors of Maggo Gneiss; (ii) &gt3.1 Ga, high-grade Hopedalian metamorphism and attendant deformation; (iii) emplacement of the Hopedale mafic dykes; (iv) 3.1 Ga deposition of Hunt River volcanic rocks; (v) ca. 3.0 Ga deposition of Florence Lake volcanic rocks; (vi) 2.88–2.96 Ga, greenschist- to amphibolite-facies Fiordian metamorphism and formation of penetrative, northeast-striking Fiordian structures; and (vii) emplacement of a suite of 2.89–2.83 Ga tonalite to granite intrusions, which partially overlap and locally postdate Fiordian metamorphism and deformation. The Hunt River and Florence Lake volcanic sequences are different in age but similar in most other respects. The former consists mainly of amphibolite-facies mafic metavolcanic rocks and lesser amounts of komatiite flows and metasedimentary and 3105 ± 3 Ma felsic volcanic rocks. The Florence Lake volcanic belt consists mainly of greenschist- to amphibolite-facies mafic metavolcanic rocks, lesser amounts of felsic metavolcanic rocks, dated at 2979 ± 1 and 2990 ± 2 Ma, komatiite flows, and rare metasedimentary rocks. The similarity of rock types, field relationships between different rock types, such as the common association of ultramafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks, and the chemistry of volcanic rocks in both belts suggest a common tectonic setting for each belt. A model involving episodic volcanism, separated by 100 Ma, in ensialic basins is consistent with the dominance of tholeiitic basalt and an abundance of pre-volcanic basement.

The Sabaloka igenous complex, Sudan

1977 ◽  
Vol 287 (1348) ◽  
pp. 595-633 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Fracture System ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Quartz Syenite ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
Volcanic Succession

Sabaloka is one of the best exposed and most accessible of a large number of Younger Granite complexes in Sudan. These complexes have close affinities with the Younger Granites of western Africa and like them range widely in age. Sabaloka itself probably dates from the Proterozoic or early Palaeozoic. The paper includes a detailed map and description of the complex and presents the results of 20 new whole-rock chemical analyses. Of the two main centres at Sabaloka, the large Cauldron Complex comprises a subsided block of basement overlain by up to 2 km of volcanic rocks and circumscribed by a polygonal zone of ring-fracturing. The fracture system was intruded by a ringdyke of porphyritic microgranite after eruption of the volcanic rocks, and at about the same time a boss of mica granite with associated tin-tungsten mineralization was injected into the subsided block. There is also gravimetric evidence of subsurface granite intrusions in both the north and south of the cauldron, but no indications of any large mass of basic rock. Nearly all of the volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Cauldron Complex are thoroughly acidic, but a thin group of basaltic lavas lies at the base of the volcanic succession and a few minor intrusions are of basic and intermediate composition. The acidic rocks include metaluminous and subaluminous types, but peralkaline rocks are either absent or very minor in amount and altered beyond recognition. Lavas dominate the lower part of the volcanic succession whereas rhyolitic ignimbrites compose most of the upper part. Of the two main episodes of subsidence which formed the cauldron the first followed upon eruption of the lavas and produced a structural basin centred on the eastern margin of the present complex. Subsequent establishment of the ring-fracture system appears to have been consequent upon an extension of the magma chambers to the north, and was accompanied by voluminous ash-flow eruptions and the formation of a caldera. The second major subsidence post-dated all the volcanic rocks still preserved, and was probably followed by resurgent doming in the north, though the evidence on this point is not conclusive. The Cauldron Complex is classified as a ‘Valles type’ of caldera volcano. The much smaller Tuleih Complex lies north of the Cauldron and includes a boss of quartz-syenite and subacid granite together with a plexus of smaller intrusions which include peralkaline intermediate and acidic rocks of comenditic character. The age of these intrusions relative to the Cauldron Complex is not known. The chemistry of these various rock types reflects in many respects their close similarity to the Younger Granite association of western Africa, although the rocks of the Cauldron Complex are somewhat poorer in soda than most analysed acidic rocks from the Nigerian Younger Granites.

scholarly journals Composition of Rift-Related Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks of the Keweenawan Supergroup in the Poersch No. 1, OZ-1, Finn, and Friederich Wells, Northeastern Kansas

1993 ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Robert L. Cullers ◽  
Pieter Berendsen
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Magnetic Polarity ◽  
Detrital Zircons ◽  
Primary Magma ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Spinel Peridotite ◽  
Rift System ◽  
Reverse Fault ◽  
The North

A series of wells have been drilled up to a depth of 3,444 m (113,000 ft) into the midcontinent rift system (MRS) in northeastern Kansas. The age of a gabbro sill in the upper portion of the Precambrian rocks was determined to be 1,097.5 ± 3 Ma, and the magnetic polarity of the gabbro correlated to the lower Keweenawan rocks in the northern MRS (Van Schmus et al., 1990). The rocks below 2,259 m (7,411 ft) in the deepest well [Poersch no. 1, total depth 3,435 m (11,270 ft)] consist mostly of arkoses with subordinate amounts of shale, siltstone, and basalt. The rocks above 2,265 m (7,431 ft) in the Poersch well consist of basalt with minor siltstone, arkose, gabbro, and felsite. A proposed high-angle reverse fault could have juxtaposed the upper igneous rocks over the lower sedimentary rocks to produce a reversed stratigraphy. This would make the development of the southern MRS similar to that of the northern MRS. Thus, in the initial extensional phase of the MRS, broad subsidence coincided with abundant volcanism and little sediment production. Grabens formed in the later stages of rift development and were filled with abundant sedimentary rocks along with lesser volcanic rocks. The chemical characteristics of the basalts in the southern MRS are similar to those in the north. The southern basalts are subalkalic to alkalic and follow tholeiitic trends; a number of them are high-alumina basalts. Although there is a lot of scatter, Al2O3, Ni, and Cr concentrations decrease and Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, rare earth elements, Ba, Hf, and Sc concentrations increase with decreasing Mg number. These trends are consistent with plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, or spinel fractionation from primary basalts. One basalt could represent a primary magma because it has a high Mg number (0.68), high Ni (638 mg/kg) and Cr (233 mg/kg) concentrations, low incompatible element concentrations (e.g., La = 4.2 mg/kg), and a slight positive Eu anomaly. This possible primary magma could have formed by partial melting (20-25%) of an undepleted spinel peridotite at 30-40 km depth. Most basalts have not been contaminated by crustal rocks or silicic magmas. The mineralogy, chemical composition, and U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons of the arkoses, siltstones, and shales are consistent with their derivation from the surrounding granitoid highlands with little or no input from the basalts. Even siltstones and arkoses within the mostly basaltic sequences are derived mostly from the granitoids, although the siltstones may have some input from the basalts (e.g., higher Ni concentration than the sandstones).

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