THE ORIGIN OF HYDROCHEMICAL PATTERNS IN HUMMOCKY MORAINE

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rozkowski
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Recharge Area ◽  
Discharge Area ◽  
Transmission Zone ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Shallow Zone

Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in a small local basin in hummocky moraine of southern Saskatchewan. The 'basin' consisted of a hill and surrounding permanent sloughs. The constructed Teledeltos flow model shows the typical pattern of groundwater flow near permanent lakes, where the hills are areas of recharge and the sloughs areas of discharge. Based on the chemical analyses of soil and till extracts as well as on the chemical analyses of slough and groundwater, the development of certain hydrochemical patterns in hummocky moraine can be explained.Three hydrochemical zones can be distinguished: SO4–Ca–Mg in the recharge area, SO4–Mg–Ca in the transmission zone, and SO4–Mg–(Na) in the discharge area. The increase of groundwater salinity from the recharge area to the discharge area is due to evapotranspiration as well as to the poor permeability of the glacial deposits.The SO4–Mg–Ca type of water of the recharge area is already formed in the zone of aeration. The subsequent changes of groundwater chemistry in the zone of saturation are induced by the enrichment of easily soluble salts and by the steady precipitation of poorly soluble salts. The sharp increase in salinity and the significant enrichment of the SO4–Mg type of water by easily soluble salts take place in the shallow zone of the discharge area close to the surface. The study of water extracts suggests the presence of groundwater discharge in the region of the capillary fringe of the recharge area also.The delivery of ions to the sloughs takes place by groundwater flow and inter-flow; therefore, the hydrochemistry of sloughs is primarily determined by the chemistry of these waters. The further metamorphosis of slough water is produced mainly by intensive evaporation as well as by ion exchange within the slough.

scholarly journals The Effects of Frozen Soils on Groundwater Recharge and Discharge in Granitic Rock Terrane of the Canadian Shield

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Thorne ◽  
J. Laporte ◽  
D. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Recharge Area ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Groundwater Flow System ◽  
Discharge Area ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Hydrologic measurements on groundwater flow systems of the Canadian Shield during the winter period provide insight into groundwater dynamics and can support conclusions based on measurements of the more “active” spring-to-fall, open-water period. To illustrate this, we present the results of detailed and continuous year-round measurements of parameters such as groundwater levels, air/soil temperatures, soil heat flux and soil moisture content which were made in upland recharge and wetland discharge areas of a local groundwater flow system in granitic terrane of the Canadian Shield. Recharge to the groundwater flow system in the rocks of the study area occurs as rain or snowmelt waters infiltrate exposed vertical and/or sub-horizontal soil-infilled fractures in outcrops of the upland area. During winter, soils in the fractures of the recharge area do not normally freeze below 0.5 m depth and shallow (5-20 cm depth) soil temperatures are most often only 1-2°C below freezing. During the spring melt period the temperature of these frozen soils remains near 0°C for several weeks as the pore ice absorbs thermal energy necessary for the phase transition from ice to water. However, despite these soils being completely or partially frozen, infiltration and recharge to the groundwater flow system in the rock occurs as shown by large and rapid rises in watertable and piezometric levels. In the groundwater discharge area of this flow system, near-surface soil temperatures (5 cm depth) reached minimums of about -12°C during the 1996 winter and freezing soils extended downward to more than 75 cm depth. During the spring melt period, as meltwaters add heat to the substrate, these shallow soil temperatures also, rise to near 0°C and remain frozen for several weeks as latent heat of fusion of ice becomes a factor. However, during the spring melt period, while ice covers ithe surface and soils are still frozen in the discharge area, groundwater level rises are recorded in both the overburden and bedrock of the discharge area. This is attributed to hydraulic pressure being rapidly transmitted to the discharge area through the low storativity groundwater flow system in the rock from the large waterlevel increases occurring in the rock of the adjacent upland recharge area.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Mathematical Modeling of a Coastal Aquifer in Eastern Delta of R. Nestos (N. Greece)

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Ioannis Gkiougkis ◽  
Christos Pouliaris ◽  
Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas ◽  
Ioannis Diamantis ◽  
Andreas Kallioras
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
The Mathematical Model

In this paper, the development of the conceptual and groundwater flow model for the coastal aquifer system of the alluvial plain of River Nestos (N. Greece), that suffers from seawater intrusion due to over-pumping for irrigation, is analyzed. The study area is a typical semi-arid hydrogeologic environment, composed of a multi-layer granular aquifers that covers the eastern coastal delta system of R. Nestos. This study demonstrates the results of a series of field measurements (such as geophysical surveys, hydrochemical and isotopical measurements, hydro-meteorological data, land use, irrigation schemes) that were conducted during the period 2009 to 2014. The synthesis of the above resulted in the development of the conceptual model for this aquifer system, that formed the basis for the application of the mathematical model for simulating groundwater flow. The mathematical modeling was achieved using the finite difference method after the application of the USGS code MODFLOW-2005.

scholarly journals Geological and groundwater flow model of a submarine groundwater discharge site at Hanko (Finland), northern Baltic Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samrit Luoma ◽  
Juha Majaniemi ◽  
Arto Pullinen ◽  
Juha Mursu ◽  
Joonas J. Virtasalo
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Submarine Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Local Geometry ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
Submarine Groundwater

AbstractThree-dimensional geological and groundwater flow models of a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) site at Hanko (Finland), in the northern Baltic Sea, have been developed to provide a geological framework and a tool for the estimation of SGD rates into the coastal sea. The dataset used consists of gravimetric, ground-penetrating radar and shallow seismic surveys, drill logs, groundwater level monitoring data, field observations, and a LiDAR digital elevation model. The geological model is constrained by the local geometry of late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, including till, glacial coarse-grained and fine-grained sediments, post-glacial mud, and coarse-grained littoral and aeolian deposits. The coarse-grained aquifer sediments form a shallow shore platform that extends approximately 100–250 m offshore, where the unit slopes steeply seawards and becomes covered by glacial and post-glacial muds. Groundwater flow preferentially takes place in channel-fill outwash coarse-grained sediments and sand and gravel interbeds that provide conduits of higher hydraulic conductivity, and have led to the formation of pockmarks on the seafloor in areas of thin or absent mud cover. The groundwater flow model estimated the average SGD rate per square meter of the seafloor at 0.22 cm day−1 in autumn 2017. The average SGD rate increased to 0.28 cm day−1 as a response to an approximately 30% increase in recharge in spring 2020. Sensitivity analysis shows that recharge has a larger influence on SGD rate compared with aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the seafloor conductance. An increase in recharge in this region will cause more SGD into the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Inverse Parametrization of a Regional Groundwater Flow Model with the Aid of Modelling and GIS: Test and Application of Different Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Thomas Reimann ◽  
Rudolf Liedl ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Christopher Conrad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
Regional Groundwater

THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. MILLER ◽  
D. F. ACTON ◽  
R. J. ST. ARNAUD
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Depth To Water Table ◽  
Water Tables

The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil

GEOPOLIS software tools – Groundwater flow modeling at deep repository of liquid radioactive waste at Severny test site

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
V. V. Suskin ◽  
A. V. Rastorguev ◽  
I. V. Kapyrin
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Liquid Radioactive Waste ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
Flow Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Groundwater Flow Modeling

This article discusses a three-dimensional groundwater flow model of a deep disposal facility at Severny test site. The three-dimensional model is a part of the certified software GEOPOLIS, based on the hydrogeological code GeRa (Geomigration of Radionuclides) serving as the calculation engine. This study describes the hydrogeological patterning of the groundwater flow model, as well as the results of calibration and verification of the model water heads with respect to the data of monitoring for more than 40 years of the deep repository exploitation. The article begins with a brief overview of the previously developed hydrogeological models of this object and continues with a description of the geological structure of the territory, and with a substantiation of the boundaries and parameters of the model. The results of groundwater flow modeling, model calibration, verification and estimation of discrepancy between the model results and monitoring data are shown. The comparison of the modeled and observed water heads in the stationary conditions (before the start of injection) and during operation of the deep repository allows making conclusion on the quality of calibration.

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