MEASURING AND MAPPING OF GLACIER VARIATIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kick
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Height Variation ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Important Index ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Terrestrial Photogrammetry ◽  
Glacier Mapping

One of the main purposes of glacier mapping is to determine the temporary state of glaciers and to investigate glacier variations by successive mappings. The author illustrates this work with particular reference to terrestrial photogrammetric surveys of mountain glaciers in the Nanga Parbat region of the Himalaya and of the Tunsbergdalsbre in southwest Norway, in both cases 24 years after R. Finsterwalder's original surveys. The author shows that the most important index of variation is the height variation of the surface level in the region of the firn line. The accuracy necessary for measuring the height variation and the scale of map plotting are discussed. Field methods are also discussed, and information is given on the measurement of volumetric changes from contourline shifts and on the measurement of velocity profiles by terrestrial photogrammetry.

EXPERIENCE IN GLACIOLOGIGAL MAPPING OF ICE SHEETS AND MOUNTAIN GLACIERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-847
Author(s):  
G. A. Avsiuk ◽  
O. N. Vinogradov ◽  
V. I. Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Geographical Maps ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Glacier Mapping

As a result of the I.G.Y.–I.G.C. programs, the whole complex of glacier processes has received particular attention in the USSR. This has led to the development and perfection of cartographic methods in the study of glaciers. Three main lines in glacier mapping are being followed in the USSR in the preparation of (a) general geographical maps of glacierized areas, (b) special glaciological maps, and (c) glacier atlases. The characteristics of the various types of maps are described, and details are given on their preparation and on the representation used for natural features and glacier processes. New applications of cartographic methods to glaciological investigations are indicated.

DATA COLLECTING METHODS USED IN THE FIELD WORKS ON THE SITE OF THE WEATHERING ANHYDRITE ROCKS AT PISKY NEAR LVIV

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Damian ŁUGOWSKI ◽  
Adrian JARZYNA ◽  
Maciej BĄBEL ◽  
Krzysztof NEJBERT
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Structured Light ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Collecting Methods ◽  
Geomorphological Processes ◽  
Field Works ◽  
Terrestrial Photogrammetry

In the quarry at Pisky, 30 km south of Lviv, due to weathering (hydration) of anhydrite (CaSO4), and its transformation into gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) the volume of the rock increases and the unique forms of relief form called the hydration domes. In the interiors of the growing domes chambers are formed that gradually transform into the caves called the hydration caves (or the swelling caves). At the same time the rocks dissolve and their surface is covered with rillenkarren. The unusual weathering and geomorphological processes taking place today require the accurate documentation and monitoring. In this paper we describe the optimum field methods used to document the zone of weathering. These methods include: method of benchmarks, method of 3D laser scanning, method of scanning with structured light LED, method of terrestrial photogrammetry, and the method of modelling of 2.5D objects using photogrammetry. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used.

Around the Bend: Nanga Parbat, Namche Barwa

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Searle
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
The West ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
Namche Barwa ◽  
The Himalaya

From the geological mapping, structural, and metamorphic investigations along the main Himalayan Range from Zanskar in the west through the Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon regions of India and along the whole of Nepal to Sikkim, a similar story was emerging. The overall structure and distribution of metamorphic rocks and granites was remarkably similar from one geological profile to the next. The Lesser Himalaya, above the Main Boundary Thrust was composed of generally older sedimentary and igneous rocks, unaffected by the young Tertiary metamorphism. Travelling north towards the high peaks, the inverted metamorphism along the Main Central Thrust marked the lower boundary of the Tertiary metamorphic rocks formed as a result of the India–Asia collision. The large Himalayan granites, many forming the highest peaks, lay towards the upper boundary of the ‘Greater Himalayan sequence’. North of this, the sedimentary rocks of the Tethyan Himalaya crop out above the low-angle normal fault, the South Tibetan Detachment. The northern ranges of the Himalaya comprise the sedimentary rocks of the northern margin of India. The two corner regions of the Himalaya, however, appeared to be somewhat different. The Indian plate has two major syntaxes, where the structural grain of the mountains swings around through ninety degrees: the western syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan, and the eastern syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Namche Barwa in south-east Tibet. Nanga Parbat (8,125 m) is a huge mountain massif at the north-western end of the great Himalayan chain. It is most prominent seen from the Indus Valley and the hills of Kohistan to the west, where it seems to stand in glorious isolation, ringed by the deep gorges carved by the Indus and Astor Rivers, before the great wall of snowy peaks forming the Karakoram to the north.

scholarly journals Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3439-3457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Brun ◽  
Patrick Wagnon ◽  
Etienne Berthier ◽  
Joseph M. Shea ◽  
Walter W. Immerzeel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ablation Rate ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Unmanned Air Vehicle ◽  
Air Vehicle ◽  
Debris Cover ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Tongue Surface ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Terrestrial Photogrammetry

Abstract. Ice cliff backwasting on debris-covered glaciers is recognized as an important mass-loss process that is potentially responsible for the “debris-cover anomaly”, i.e. the fact that debris-covered and debris-free glacier tongues appear to have similar thinning rates in the Himalaya. In this study, we quantify the total contribution of ice cliff backwasting to the net ablation of the tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, between 2015 and 2017. Detailed backwasting and surface thinning rates were obtained from terrestrial photogrammetry collected in November 2015 and 2016, unmanned air vehicle (UAV) surveys conducted in November 2015, 2016 and 2017, and Pléiades tri-stereo imagery obtained in November 2015, 2016 and 2017. UAV- and Pléiades-derived ice cliff volume loss estimates were 3 % and 7 % less than the value calculated from the reference terrestrial photogrammetry. Ice cliffs cover between 7 % and 8 % of the total map view area of the Changri Nup tongue. Yet from November 2015 to November 2016 (November 2016 to November 2017), ice cliffs contributed to 23±5 % (24±5 %) of the total ablation observed on the tongue. Ice cliffs therefore have a net ablation rate 3.1±0.6 (3.0±0.6) times higher than the average glacier tongue surface. However, on Changri Nup Glacier, ice cliffs still cannot compensate for the reduction in ablation due to debris-cover. In addition to cliff enhancement, a combination of reduced ablation and lower emergence velocities could be responsible for the debris-cover anomaly on debris-covered tongues.

scholarly journals Isotope Stratification in High Mountain Glaciers: Examples from the Peruvian Andes and Himalaya

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (103) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Grabczak ◽  
Jerzy Niewodniczański ◽  
Kazimierz Różański
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Deuterium Content ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract18O and deuterium content was measured in snow and ice samples collected from two crevasses on temperate glaciers high in the Andes and in the Himalaya. The results show that, due to intense exposure to sun, a significant part of the annual accumulation of snow is removed by melting and sublimation, the latter being predominant. There is strong empirical evidence that in natural conditions which are characteristic of both the glaciers studied sublimation of the snow cover can be approximated by the thermodynamic equilibrium process. The short-term fluctuations, though slightly moderated, and longer-term variations can still be observed in the deeper parts of the glaciers in spite of firnification of the snow.

scholarly journals Early Discoverers XIII: The First Glaciologists in Central Asia

1960 ◽  
Vol 3 (28) ◽  
pp. 686-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kick
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract Contributions to the glaciology of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Turkestan areas are contained in the hitherto unpublished records of the Schlagintweit brothers. These should be of considerable value for future research since the records include paintings, sketch maps, descriptions, and also measurements of glacier speed, which give details of the state of the glaciers in 1855–56. These records were used recently to great advantage on Nanga Parbat.

scholarly journals An application of three different field methods to monitor changes in Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tien Shan, during 2012–18

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hongliang Li ◽  
Puyu Wang ◽  
Zhongqin Li ◽  
Shuang Jin ◽  
Chunhai Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tien Shan ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Western China ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Glacier Tongue ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Ground Control Points

Abstract This study deploys RTK-GNSS in 2012, TLS in 2015 and UAV in 2018 to monitor the changes of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (UG1), eastern Tien Shan, and analyzes the feasibility of three technologies in monitoring the mountain glaciers. DEM differencing shows that UG1 has experienced a pronounced thinning and mass loss for the period of 2012–18. The glacier surface elevation change of −0.83 ± 0.57 m w.e. a−1 has been recorded for 2012–15, whereas the changes of glacier tongue surface elevation in 2015–18 and 2012–18 were −2.03 ± 0.95 and −1.34 ± 0.88 m w.e. a−1, respectively. The glacier area shrunk by 0.07 ± 0.07 × 10−3 km2 and the terminus retreat rate was 6.28 ± 0.83 m a−1 during 2012–18. The good agreement between the glaciological and geodetic specific mass-balances is promising, showing the combination of the three technologies is suitable to monitor glacier mass change. We recommend application of the three technologies to assess each other in different locations of the glacier, e.g. RTK-GNSS base stations, ground control points, glacier tongue and terminus, in order to avoid the inherent limitations of each technology and to provide reliable data for the future studies of mountain glacier changes in western China.

scholarly journals Isotope Stratification in High Mountain Glaciers: Examples from the Peruvian Andes and Himalaya

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (103) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Grabczak ◽  
Jerzy Niewodniczański ◽  
Kazimierz Różański
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Deuterium Content ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract18O and deuterium content was measured in snow and ice samples collected from two crevasses on temperate glaciers high in the Andes and in the Himalaya. The results show that, due to intense exposure to sun, a significant part of the annual accumulation of snow is removed by melting and sublimation, the latter being predominant. There is strong empirical evidence that in natural conditions which are characteristic of both the glaciers studied sublimation of the snow cover can be approximated by the thermodynamic equilibrium process. The short-term fluctuations, though slightly moderated, and longer-term variations can still be observed in the deeper parts of the glaciers in spite of firnification of the snow.

scholarly journals Early Discoverers XIII: The First Glaciologists in Central Asia

1960 ◽  
Vol 3 (28) ◽  
pp. 686-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kick
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
The Himalaya

AbstractContributions to the glaciology of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Turkestan areas are contained in the hitherto unpublished records of the Schlagintweit brothers. These should be of considerable value for future research since the records include paintings, sketch maps, descriptions, and also measurements of glacier speed, which give details of the state of the glaciers in 1855–56. These records were used recently to great advantage on Nanga Parbat.

The So-called “Axial Granite Core” of the Himalaya: its Actual Exposure in Relation to its Sedimentary Cover.

1943 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Odell
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Mount Everest ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Military Duty ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
The Himalaya

When recently on military duty in India, the writer was in correspondence with Mr. D. N. Wadia on the known distribution of granite within the ranges of the Himalaya, arising out of a statement by Mr. Wadia in his General Presidential Address to the 29th India Science Congress, 1942, on “The Making of India”. Therein it was declared (p. 7): “In these earth plications masses of crystalline igneous rocks, granites, from the depths of the earth, have been pushed up through the sedimentary cover and now occupy the central zone of highest elevations. The sublime snow-capped peaks of the Himalaya from Mount Everest to Nanga Parbat, all are built of this axial granite core,” etc.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document