The variation of angles between anterior and posterior carinae of tyrannosaurid teeth

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Reichel
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Tooth Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Discriminant Analyses

Tyrannosaurid tooth measurements have been shown to be a powerful tool for systematic analyses, as well as for studies on function and evolution of theropod dentition. In this analysis, a variable not previously addressed in depth is added to the tyrannosaurid data set. The angle between the anterior and posterior carinae can be difficult to measure consistently and a method is hereby proposed through the use of a digitizer. Five tyrannosaurid genera were analyzed: Tyrannosaurus , Tarbosaurus , Albertosaurus , Daspletosaurus , and Gorgosaurus . Only in situ data were used, and therefore some of the taxa had a limited amount of information available for this analysis. The measurements were analyzed through multivariate analyses using Paleontological Statistics (PAST), version 2.06. The analyses included principal component analyses (PCAs), discriminant analyses (DAs), and canonical variates analyses (CVAs). The results of these analyses revealed that the angle between carinae contributes significantly to the variation in the tyrannosaurid tooth data set. Additionally, this variable showed a strong correlation to tooth function (and, consequently, to tooth families), rather than tooth size. The variation observed between taxa at this stage seems insufficient for systematic purposes, however additional in situ data would help improve the effectiveness of this tool.

Geographic variation of the Anderson’s Niviventer (Niviventer andersoni) (Thomas, 1911) (Rodentia: Muridae) of two new subspecies in China verified with cranial morphometric variables and pelage characteristics

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2196 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
SONG LI ◽  
JUNXING YANG
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Western Yunnan ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Southern Shaanxi ◽  
First Time ◽  
Northwestern Yunnan

A total of 66 specimens of Niviventer andersoni with intact skulls was investigated on pelage characteristics and cranial morphometric variables. The data were subjected to principal component analyses as well as to discriminant analyses, and measurement overlap was studied as compared with the coefficient of difference. The results indicate that three subspecies of N. andersoni can be recognized in China, including N. a. andersoni broadly distributed from northwestern Yunnan, Sichuan, northward to southern Shaanxi, and eastward to Hubei, N. a. pianmaensis subsp. nov. in western Yunnan, and N. a. ailaoshanensis subsp. nov. in Mt. Ailaoshan, central Yunnan province. Our study for the first time validates its subspecies differentiation that is most likely related to intra-specific geographic variation. In addition, a taxonomic revision of Niviventer andersoni in China is described.

Multivariate morphometric relationships between Hordeum jubatum and Hordeum brachyantherum in Canada and Alaska

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 604-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard R. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Herbarium Material ◽  
Repeated Observations ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
The One

Scoring for morphometric characters was conducted on both herbarium material (including artificially produced hybrids) and specimens collected across Canada and Alaska and studied in situ. The data from herbarium material were analysed by means of various principal component analyses and by a series of discriminant analyses. The morphometric data from field material were obtained by repeated observations of every spikelet along the one side of each spike selected for analysis. A representative sample of spikes was collected from every population visited, with emphasis on hybrid populations. These repeated observations within spikes were also made in order to evaluate the reliability, representability, and taxonomic value of every spikelet and the degree of homologization within a spike. The field data were analysed by means of discriminant analyses and various cluster analyses.The conclusion reached is the recognition of three species for Canada and Alaska, H. jubatum L., H. caespitosum Scribn., H. brachyantherum Nevski, and a hybrid H. jubatum × brachyantherum representing F1 and F1-like phenotypes. Classification function coefficients were computed and are provided in this paper in order to effect both the identification of the three taxa and the hybrid and their circumscription.All the herbarium specimens were identified by means of these coefficients and, as a result, previously unsuspected hybrids were revealed. This study indicated that an analysis of herbarium specimens alone can be misleading and, consequently, that field data are necessary. It is also demonstrated that the spikelets within a spike are not uniform enough for taxonomic reliance to be placed on observations made on one spikelet alone.

scholarly journals Conditional Generative Adversarial for in-Situ Layerwise AM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goberta, Christian ◽  
Arrietab Edel ◽  
McWilliams Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Optical Tomography ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Generative Adversarial Networks ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tomography System ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Real Time Information

Conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) learn a mapping from conditional input to observed image and perform tasks in image generation, manipulation and translation. In-situ monitoring uses sensors to obtain real-time information of additive manufacturing (AM) processes that relate to process stability and part quality. Understanding the correlations between process inputs and in-situ process signatures through machine learning can enable experimental-driven predictions of future process inputs. In this research, in-situ data obtained during a metallic powder bed fusion AM process is mapped with a CGAN. A single build of two turbine blades is monitored using EOSTATE Exposure OT, a near-infrared optical tomography system of the EOS M290 system. Layerwise images generated from the in-situ monitoring system were paired with a conditional image that labeled the specimen cross-section, laser-scan stripe overlap and z-distance to part surfaces. A CGAN was trained using the turbine blade data set and employed to generate new in-situ layerwise images for unseen conditional inputs.

scholarly journals A Late Neogene trend in a venerid bivalve chione cancellata, from the Florida peninsula

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 251-251
Author(s):  
Peter D. Roopnarine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Oceanographic Conditions

The objective of this project is to understand the long-term relationships, if any, if within-clade bivalve shell morphology to variations in shell growth rate and possible underlying environmental factors. As a preliminary approach to this problem, a study was undertaken to record the history of shell morphology, on the Florida peninsula, of the venerid bivalve Chione cancellata L. (Lower Pliocene - Recent). Samples were obtained from the following formations: Lower Pinecrest (3.5-3.0 mya), Caloosahatchee Fm. (2.5-1.8 mya), Upper Pinecrest Beds (2.4-1.8 mya), Bermont Fm. (1.6-1.1 mya), Anastasia Fm. (0.05 mya), and Recent. The total data set comprised ten samples.Eleven morphometric measurements were selected on their predicted sensitivity to growth rate-caused variations in valve convexity. Comparisons of sample data sets were performed using principal components and canonical variates analyses. Only left-handed valves were analyzed. The results of both the principal component and canonical variates analyses indicate that a disproportionately large amount of the variance in the composite data set is accounted for by one morphometric dimension. This dimension is essentially a summary of contrast between anterior hinge morphology and posterior adductor muscle morphology. The samples form three major clusters; (1) Bermont Fm., Anastasia Fm. and Recent samples, (2) Caloosahatchee Fm. and U. Pinecrest samples, and (3) L. Pinecrest samples. There is some overlap of extremes between clusters (2) and (3), but otherwise the clusters are distinct. The result is a gradual but significant change of morphology during a 3.5 m.y. time span.The next step in the project is to seek an explanation for the above observations. The provinciality of the phenomenon will be tested more extensively with the inclusion of Neogene and Recent samples from the Southern Caribbean and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Also, considering the dynamism of Florida's oceanographic conditions (temperature, productivity and circulation) during the last 3.5 m.y., correlation of oceanographic conditions with C. cancellata's growth rate and morphology will be examined. The proposed method is a systematic sampling of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes from valves within the samples analyzed.

Quantifying tooth variation within a single population of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) and implications for identifying isolated teeth of tyrannosauridsThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus.

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1227-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa G. Buckley ◽  
Derek W. Larson ◽  
Miriam Reichel ◽  
Tanya Samman
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Degree Of Separation ◽  
Lower Maastrichtian

Documenting variation in theropod dinosaurs is usually hindered by the lack of a large sample size and specimens representing several ontogenetic stages. Here, variation within 140 disassociated and seven in situ tyrannosaur teeth from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian) monodominant Albertosaurus sarcophagus (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) bonebed is documented. This sample represents the largest data set of teeth from one population of A. sarcophagus containing both adult and juvenile specimens. Tooth variation was assessed using multivariate analyses (principal component, discriminant, and canonical variate analyses). Heterodonty in the teeth of A. sarcophagus contributes to the large amount of variation in the data set. Premaxillary teeth are significantly different from maxillary and dentary teeth, but there is no quantifiable difference between a priori identified maxillary and dentary teeth. Juvenile and adult teeth of A. sarcophagus show apparent quantitative differences that are size dependent on closer investigation, suggesting a cautious approach when interpreting multivariate analyses to identify novel tooth morphologies. Multivariate analyses on teeth of A. sarcophagus and published tooth data from other North American tyrannosaurid species reveals species-level clusters with little separation. The degree of separation among tooth clusters may reveal a phylogenetic signal in tyrannosaurid teeth.

Élaboration d'un coefficient de résistance au gui chez le chêne

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Hariri ◽  
B. Jeune ◽  
S. Baudino ◽  
K. Urech ◽  
G. Sallé
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Forest Managers

The reactions of oak to mistletoe (Viscum album L.) were studied using about 100 sensitive and susceptible oak twigs belonging to three species of oak: Quercus robur, Quercus rubra, and Quercus petraea. The main parameters likely to be involved in the resistance mechanism to mistletoe were measured on longitudinal radial sections. After conducting several principal component analyses and discriminant analyses, four variables were shown to have high discriminant values: thickness of the cortex, density of polyphenol-containing cells, thickness of the first layers of fibers, and thickness of collenchyma. Statistical analyses were performed using a large number of samples to define a discriminating function linking the four variables and to propose a resistance coefficient. The significance of such a coefficient for forest managers and pharmacologists is discussed in relation to their own needs. Key words: Viscum album, Quercus, resistance coefficient, mistletoe.

Analysis of variation in the Elaphrus americanus complex of North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2253-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Goulet ◽  
Bernard R. Baum
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
Analysis Of Variation

Elaphrus americanus Dejean (sensu Lindroth, 1961) is a complex of two nearctic species: E. americanus and E. finitimus Casey. This study is primarily devoted to E. americanus, which includes two subspecies: a boreal subspecies and a newly described western subspecies, E. americanus sylvanus Goulet n. subsp., for which the type locality is Oregon, Coos Co., 16 miles north of Powers.The species and subspecies mentioned above were recognized by means of numerical taxonomic analysis. Most intuitively acceptable were the results of phenetic clustering of Mahalanobis distances followed by a series of discriminant analyses. Various analyses were carried out based directly on computed euclidean distances, e.g. principal coordinate analyses, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and still others by computing first the variance–covariance matrix, e.g., principal component analyses. Other geographically distinct populations were recognized by univariate analysis of nominal characters.Phylogenetic relationships between various populations of E. americanus are partly reconstructed. A reconstruction of past distribution of these populations is presented and their evolutionary significance discussed.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Satellite and Modeled Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll Concentrations in the Baltic Sea with In Situ Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3049
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Stramska ◽  
Marta Konik ◽  
Paulina Aniskiewicz ◽  
Jaromir Jakacki ◽  
Miroslaw Darecki
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Data Set ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Good Agreement

Among the most frequently used satellite data are surface chlorophyll concentration (Chl) and temperature (SST). These data can be degraded in some coastal areas, for example, in the Baltic Sea. Other popular sources of data are reanalysis models. Before satellite or model data can be used effectively, they should be extensively compared with in situ measurements. Herein, we present results of such comparisons. We used SST and Chl from model reanalysis and satellites, and in situ data measured at eight open Baltic Sea stations. The data cover time interval from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2019, but some satellite data were not always available. Both the model and the satellite SST data had good agreement with in situ measurements. In contrast, satellite and model estimates of Chl concentrations presented large errors. Modeled Chl presented the lowest bias and the best correlation with in situ data from all Chl data sets evaluated. Chl estimates from a regionally tuned algorithm (SatBaltic) had smaller errors in comparison with other satellite data sets and good agreement with in situ data in summer. Statistics were not as good for the full data set. High uncertainties found in chlorophyll satellite algorithms for the Baltic Sea highlight the importance of continuous regional validation of such algorithms with in situ data.

scholarly journals A Completeness and Complementarity Analysis of the Data Sources in the NOAA In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Quality Monitor (iQuam) System

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3741
Author(s):  
Haifeng Zhang ◽  
Alexander Ignatov
Keyword(s):  
Sea Surface ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Satellite Sst ◽  
Complementarity Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marine Environment Monitoring ◽  
Drifting Buoys

In situ sea surface temperatures (SST) are the key component of the calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of satellite SST retrievals and data assimilation (DA). The NOAA in situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam) aims to collect, from various sources, all available in situ SST data, and integrate them into a maximally complete, uniform, and accurate dataset to support these applications. For each in situ data type, iQuam strives to ingest data from several independent sources, to ensure most complete coverage, at the cost of some redundancy in data feeds. The relative completeness of various inputs and their consistency and mutual complementarity are often unknown and are the focus of this study. For four platform types customarily employed in satellite Cal/Val and DA (drifting buoys, tropical moorings, ships, and Argo floats), five widely known data sets are analyzed: (1) International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), (2) Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), (3) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), (4) Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), and (5) Argo Global Data Assembly Centers (GDACs). Each data set reports SSTs from one or more platform types. It is found that drifting buoys are more fully represented in FNMOC and CMEMS. Ships are reported in FNMOC and ICOADS, which are best used in conjunction with each other, but not in CMEMS. Tropical moorings are well represented in ICOADS, FNMOC, and CMEMS. Some CMEMS mooring reports are sampled every 10 min (compared to the standard 1 h sampling in all other datasets). The CMEMS Argo profiling data set is, as expected, nearly identical with those from the two Argo GDACs.

Advanced monitoring of water systems using in situ measurement stations: data validation and fault detection

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1022-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelcy Alferes ◽  
Sovanna Tik ◽  
John Copp ◽  
Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Data Quality Assessment ◽  
Multiple Sensor ◽  
Pertinent Information

In situ continuous monitoring at high frequency is used to collect water quality information about water bodies. However, it is crucial that the collected data be evaluated and validated for the appropriate interpretation of the data so as to ensure that the monitoring programme is effective. Software tools for data quality assessment with a practical orientation are proposed. As water quality data often contain redundant information, multivariate methods can be used to detect correlations, pertinent information among variables and to identify multiple sensor faults. While principal component analysis can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the original variable data set, monitoring of some statistical metrics and their violation of confidence limits can be used to detect faulty or abnormal data and can help the user apply corrective action(s). The developed algorithms are illustrated with automated monitoring systems installed in an urban river and at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant.

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