Evidence for seamount accretion to a peri-Laurentian arc during closure of Iapetus 1This article is one of a series of papers published in CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.2 Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100465.

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zagorevski ◽  
V. McNicoll

The Red Indian Line is the fundamental Iapetus suture zone in the Newfoundland Appalchians along which the main tract of the Iapetus Ocean was consumed. Despite being the site of the closure of a wide ocean, few vestiges of the Iapetus plate have been accreted along Red Indian Line. Ordovician rocks in the Notre Dame Bay area preserve the only evidence for accretion of a seamount in Newfoundland. The seamount is characterized by alkali basalt and hypabyssal rocks that are juxtaposed with Darriwilian peri-Laurentian volcanic arc rocks (466 ± 4 and 467 ± 4 Ma) along a major mylonite zone. The mylonite zone lacks sedimentary rocks suggesting that the seamount was accreted to the arc along a sediment-starved interface and that significant subduction erosion took place along the Laurentian margin. Identification of subduction erosion indicates that an accretionary prism did not exist outboard of Laurentia in Newfoundland, in contrast to the well developed accretionary prisms of the Caledonides.

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Clift ◽  
Amy E. Draut ◽  
Robyn Hannigan ◽  
Graham Layne ◽  
Jerzy Blusztajn

The Rosroe Formation comprises a series of Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn) conglomerates and sandstones, that lies on the southern limb of the South Mayo Trough, within the Iapetus Suture Zone of western Ireland. Trace element chemistry of granite boulders within the formation indicates a continental, rather than a volcanic arc character that can be correlated to latest Precambrian granites within the Dalradian Metamorphic Block, part of the deformed Laurentian margin. A minority of the clasts may correlate with syn-collisional granites, similar to, but older than, the Oughterard Granite of Connemara. Pb isotope compositions of K-feldspar grains within the sandstones, measured by both ion microprobe and conventional mass spectrometry, show a clear Laurentian affinity, albeit with greater source variability in the sand grains compared to a limited range in the proximal boulders. Palaeo-current indicators demonstrate dominant derivation from the NE, with a significant axial E–W flow. We propose that the Rosroe Formation records unroofing of a rapidly exhuming Dalradian metamorphic belt in North Mayo, following extensional collapse of the Grampian Orogen starting at ˜468 Ma, with minor input from a southerly arc source. The lack of metamorphic input from the S until deposition of the Derryeeny Conglomerate argues that the Connemara terrane was not positioned S of South Mayo Trough through strike-slip faulting until after the end of Rosroe sedimentation (460–443 Ma).


1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine E. Craig

ABSTRACTSediments, mainly sandstones, conglomerates and shales, accumulated in small turbidite fans along the northern arc–trench margin of the Iapetus Ocean from middle Ordovician to Silurian time. These fans, together with the underlying pelagic facies and part of the oceanic crust, were sliced and accreted northward resulting in the Lower Palaeozoic accretionary prism which forms the Scottish Southern Uplands and the Longford-Down inlier in Ireland. North Down is the continuation of the Northern belt of the Southern Uplands of Scotland into Ireland, bounded to the S by the Orlock Bridge fault. Lithological and petrographical comparison with the rest of the Northern belt indicates closer affinities with the Southern Uplands of Scotland than with the western end of the Longford-Down inlier. Major ENE—WSW-trending Caledonian strike faults define five blocks, in which new formations of Caradoc and ? Ashgill age are defined. Pillowed spilitic rock, interpreted as a fragment of the ocean-floor, is only recognised in the Ballygrot block. Pelagic and hemipelagic black shales and cherts are overlain by arenaceous sediments in all blocks.


2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan Hajnal ◽  
Kevin M Ansdell ◽  
Ken E Ashton

Dedication: Dr. John F. Lewry (1939–1999; see Saskatchewan Geological Survey 1999) dedicated his career to investigations of the Saskatchewan–Manitoba segment of the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO), one of the principal Paleoproterozoic orogens associated with the assembly of Laurentia. Indeed, one can make a strong case that Lithoprobe's Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT) was designed to test the tectonic models proposed by John Lewry. He delineated the distinct tectonic provinces in the western part of the THO, predicted the presence of an Archean craton trapped within the THO, and recognized and interpreted the significance of the Pelican Thrust between the juvenile Paleoproterozoic volcanic arc complex of the western Flin Flon Domain and the Archean craton, now called the Sask craton. The research published in Lewry and Stauffer (1990), and many of his ideas, provided the framework for the design of the THOT geophysical and geological studies. John Lewry was co-leader of the THOT until he passed away in 1999 after a battle with cancer. This Special Issue of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences is dedicated to him.


2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Chew ◽  
Cees R. Van Staal

A combination of deep seismic imaging and drilling has demonstrated that the ocean-continent transition (OCT) of present-day, magma-poor, rifted continental margins is a zone of hyperextension characterized by extreme thinning of the continental crust that exhumed the lowermost crust and/or serpentinized continental mantle onto the seafloor. The OCT on present-day margins is difficult to sample, and so much of our knowledge on the detailed nature of OCT sequences comes from obducted, magma-poor OCT ophiolites such as those preserved in the upper portions of the Alpine fold-and-thrust belt. Allochthonous, lens-shaped bodies of ultramafic rock are common in many other ancient orogenic belts, such as the Caledonian – Appalachian orogen, yet their origin and tectonic significance remains uncertain. We summarize the occurrences of potential ancient OCTs within this orogen, commencing with Laurentian margin sequences where an OCT has previously been inferred (the Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland and Ireland and the Birchy Complex of Newfoundland). We then speculate on the origin of isolated occurrences of Alpine-type peridotite within Laurentian margin sequences in Quebec – Vermont and Virginia – North Carolina, focusing on rift-related units of Late Neoproterozoic age (so as to eliminate a Taconic ophiolite origin). A combination of poor exposure and pervasive Taconic deformation means that origin and emplacement of many ultramafic bodies in the Appalachians will remain uncertain. Nevertheless, the common occurrence of OCT-like rocks along the whole length of the Appalachian – Caledonian margin of Laurentia suggests that the opening of the Iapetus Ocean may have been accompanied by hyperextension and the formation of magma-poor margins along many segments.SOMMAIREDes travaux d’imagerie sismique et des forages profonds ont montré que la transition océan-continent (OCT) de marges continentales de divergence pauvre en magma exposée de nos jours, correspond à une zone d’hyper-étirement tectonique caractérisée par un amincissement extrême de la croûte continentale, qui a exhumé sur le fond marin, jusqu’à la tranche la plus profonde de la croûte continentale, voire du manteau continental serpentinisé.  Parce qu’on peut difficilement échantillonner l’OCT sur les marges actuelles, une grande partie de notre compréhension des détails de la nature de l’OCT provient d’ophiolites pauvres en magma d’une OCT obduite, comme celles préservées dans les portions supérieures de la bande plissée alpine.  Des masses lenticulaires de roches ultramafiques allochtones sont communes dans de nombreuses autres bandes orogéniques anciennes, comme l’orogène Calédonienne-Appalaches, mais leur origine et signification tectonique reste incertaine.  Nous présentons un sommaire des occurrences d’OCT potentielles anciennes de cet orogène, en commençant par des séquences de la marge laurentienne, où la présence d’OCT a déjà été déduites (le Supergroupe Dalradien d’Écosse et d'Irlande, et le complexe de Birchy de Terre-Neuve).  Nous spéculons ensuite sur l'origine de cas isolés de péridotite de type alpin dans des séquences de marge des Laurentides du Québec-Vermont et de la Virginie-Caroline du Nord, en nous concentrant sur les unités de rift d'âge néoprotérozoïque tardif (pour éviter les ophiolites du Taconique).  La conjonction d’affleurements de piètre qualité et de la déformation taconique omniprésente, signifie que l'origine et la mise en place de nombreuses masses ultramafiques dans les Appalaches demeureront incertaines.  Néanmoins, la présence fréquente de roches de type OCT tout le long de la marge Calédonnienne-Appalaches de Laurentia suggère que l'ouverture de l'océan Iapetus peut avoir été accompagnée d’hyper-étirement et de la formation de marges pauvres en magma le long de nombreux segments.


2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane De Souza ◽  
Alain Tremblay ◽  
Gilles Ruffet ◽  
Nicolas Pinet

Detailed field work conducted in the Dunnage zone of the Quebec Appalachians, is herein combined with 40Ar/39Ar dating on a series of ophiolitic massifs, crosscutting granites, and associated metamorphic rocks occurring along the Baie Verte–Brompton line, the Taconian suture between Laurentia and Lower Paleozoic peri-Laurentian oceanic terranes. Studied massifs are the Lac-Brompton ophiolite and the Rivière-des-Plante Ultramafic Complex in southern Quebec, and the Nadeau Ophiolitic Mélange in the Gaspé Peninsula. Our work suggests that these massifs form remnants of eroded ophiolitic nappes, which are unconformably overlain by the Saint-Daniel and Rivière-Port-Daniel mélanges, and correlate with the Thetford-Mines and Mont-Albert ophiolitic complexes. Our 40Ar/39Ar data and compiled regional age constraints indicate that ophiolite obduction was diachronous along the strike of the orogen. The timing of obduction and mélange formation varies according to the irregular geometry of the Early Paleozoic Laurentian margin, with earlier collision occurring along, or at the margins of promontories. Obduction was initiated with the formation of infraophiolitic metamorphic soles between ca. 479 and 472 Ma in southern Quebec and the Nadeau Ophiolitic Mélange, and possibly as late as ca. 470–466 Ma for the Mont-Albert Complex. These sole rocks were later exhumed and translated onto the Laurentian margin with the overlying ophiolites between 475 and 460–457 Ma. The uplifting and erosion of the orogenic wedge during the waning stages of obduction, has resulted in the sedimentation of olistostromal mélanges and onlapping flysch units above the ophiolitic nappes, as well as foredeep flysch successions during the latest Arenig(?) to earliest Caradoc.


2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-623
Author(s):  
John S. Peel ◽  
Sebastian Willman ◽  
Steven J. Hageman

AbstractThe recent description of the nevadioid trilobite Buenellus chilhoweensis Webster and Hageman, 2018 established the presence of early Cambrian Montezuman Stage (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) faunas in the Murray Shale of Chilhowee Mountain, Tennessee. The description recognized the oldest known age-diagnostic Cambrian trilobite from the Laurentian margin of the former Iapetus Ocean since Buenellus Blaker, 1988 is known otherwise only from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte on the Innuitian margin of North Greenland. The bivalved arthropods Isoxys chilhoweanus Walcott, 1890 and Indota tennesseensis (Resser, 1938a) have also been described from the Murray Shale, but hyolithids appear to be the dominant body fossils in terms of diversity and abundance. Although poorly preserved, the hyolithids occurring together with Buenellus chilhoweensis are described to improve understanding of the Murray Shale biota. The hyolith assemblages of the Murray Shale and Sirius Passet Lagerstätte are not closely similar, although the poor preservation of both hinders comparison.


1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 50-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ellouz-Zimmermann ◽  
A Battani ◽  
E Deville ◽  
A Prinzohfer ◽  
J Ferrand

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1253 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.50-51.


Author(s):  
Svend Stouge ◽  
W. Douglas Boyce ◽  
Jørgen L. Christiansen ◽  
David A.T. Harper ◽  
Ian Knight

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Stouge, S., Boyce, W. D., Christiansen, J. L., Harper, D. A., & Knight, I. (2002). Lower–Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of North-East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 191, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v191.5138 _______________ The Upper Proterozoic (Riphean) to Lower Palaeozoic succession in North-East Greenland is exposed in a broad N–S-trending belt in the fjord region between 71°38´ and 74°25´N (Fig. 1). The succession comprises mainly marine sediments accumulated during the later stages of the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, the subsequent opening of the Iapetus Ocean and formation of the passive margin along the edge of the Laurentian palaeocontinent. Investigations of the sedimentary succession were initiated on Ella Ø in the summer of 2000 as part of a project to investigate the development of the Laurentian margin facing the Iapetus Ocean in the Early Palaeozoic, when studies of the uppermost formations of the Riphean Eleonore Bay Supergroup to the Lower Ordovician Antiklinalbugt Formation on Ella Ø were undertaken (Stouge et al. 2001). Ella Ø was revisited during the summer of 2001, with the focus on the Ordovician formations. In addition, investigations were undertaken in the Albert Heim Bjerge area where the uppermost part of the Ordovician succession is preserved (Fig. 1).


2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie R. Fyffe

Recently gathered stratigraphic and U–Pb geochronological data indicate that the pre-Triassic rocks of the Grand Manan Terrane on the eastern side of Grand Manan Island can be divided into: (1) Middle Neoproterozoic (late Cryogenian) quartzose and carbonate sedimentary sequences (The Thoroughfare and Kent Island formations); (2) a Late Neoproterozoic (early Ediacaran) volcanic-arc sequence (Ingalls Head Formation); and (3) Late Neoproterozioc (mid- Ediacaran) to earliest Cambrian (early Terreneuvian) sedimentary and volcanic-arc sequences (Great Duck Island, Flagg Cove, Ross Island, North Head, Priest Cove, and Long Pond Bay formations). A comparison to Precambrian terranes on the New Brunswick mainland (Brookville and New River terranes) and in adjacent Maine (Islesboro Terrane) suggests that the sedimentary and volcanic sequences of the Grand Manan Terrane were deposited on the continental margin of a Precambrian ocean basin that opened during the breakup of Rodinia in the Middle Neoproterozoic (Cryogenian) and closed by the Early Cambrian (Terreneuvian) with the final assembling of Gondwana. Rifting associated with the initial opening of the Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean began in the Late Neoproterozoic (late Ediacaran) and so overlapped in time with the closing of the Precambrian Gondwanan ocean. The southeastern margin of the Iapetus Ocean is defined by thick sequences of quartz-rich Cambrian sediments (within the St. Croix and Miramichi terranes of New Brunswick) that were largely derived from recycling of Precambrian passive-margin sedimentary rocks preserved in the Grand Manan and Brookville terranes of New Brunswick and in the Islesboro Terrane of Maine. These Precambrian terranes are interpreted to represent dextrally displaced basement remnants of the Gondwanan continental margin of Iapetus, consistent with the model of a two-sided Appalachian system proposed by Hank Williams in 1964 based on his work in Newfoundland.SOMMAIREDes données stratigraphiques et géochronologiques U–Pb obtenues récemment indiquent que les roches prétriasiques du terrane de Grand Manan du côté est de l’île Grand Manan peuvent être répartis en: 1) séquences sédimentaires quartzeuses et carbonatées du Néoprotérozoïque moyen (Cryogénien tardif) (formations de Thoroughfare et de Kent Island); 2) séquence d’arc volcanique du Néoprotérozoïque tardif (Édiacarien précoce) (formation d’Ingalls Head); 3) séquences sédimentaires et d’arc volcanique du Néoprotérozoïque tardif (milieu de l’Édiacarien) au tout début du Cambrien (Terreneuvien précoce) (formations de Great Duck Island, Flagg Cove, Ross Island, North Head, Priest Cove et Long Pond Bay). Une comparaison avec des terranes du Précambrien dans la partie continentale du Nouveau-Brunswick (terranes de Brookville et New River) et dans le Maine adjacent (terrane d’Islesboro) semble indiquer que les séquences sédimentaires et volcaniques du terrane de Grand Manan se sont déposées sur la marge continentale d’un bassin océanique précambrien qui s’est ouvert durant la fracturation de la Rodinia au Néoprotérozoïque moyen (Cryogénien) et s’est fermé au Cambrien précoce (Terreneuvien) avec l’assemblage final du Gondwana. La distension continentale associée à l’ouverture initiale de l’océan Iapetus au Paléozoïque a commencé au Néoprotérozoïque tardif (Édiacarien tardif) et a donc partiellement coïncidé avec la fermeture de l’océan précambrien du Gondwana. La marge sud-est de l’océan Iapetus est définie par d’épaisses séquences de sédiments cambriens riches en quartz (dans les terranes de St. Croix et de Miramichi du Nouveau-Brunswick) issus en grande partie du recyclage de roches sédimentaires de la marge continentale passive du Précambrien préservées dans les terranes de Grand Manan et de Brookville au Nouveau-Brunswick et dans le terrane d’Islesboro dans le Maine. Ces terranes précambriens sont interprétés comme la représentation de vestiges, ayant subi un déplacement dextre, du socle de la marge continentale gondwanienne de l’océan Iapetus, ce qui concorde avec le modèle d’un système appalachien à deux côtés proposé par Hank Williams en 1964 sur la base de ses travaux à Terre-Neuve. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2587-2605
Author(s):  
I.W. Honsberger ◽  
J. Laird ◽  
J.E. Johnson

Abstract Phase equilibria modeling of sodic-calcic amphibole-epidote assemblages in greenstones in the northern Appalachians, USA, is compatible with relatively shallow subduction of the early Paleozoic Laurentian margin along the Laurentia-Gondwana suture zone during closure of a portion of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Pseudosection and isopleth calculations demonstrate that peak metamorphic conditions ranged between 0.65 GPa, 480 °C and 0.85 GPa, 495 °C down-dip along the subducted Laurentian continental margin between ∼20 km and ∼30 km depth. Quantitative petrological data are explained in the context of an Early Ordovician geodynamic model involving shallow subduction of relatively young, warm, and buoyant Laurentian margin continental-oceanic lithosphere and Iapetus Ocean crust beneath a relatively warm and wet peri-Gondwanan continental arc. A relatively warm subduction zone setting may have contributed to the formation of a thin, ductile metasedimentary rock-rich channel between the down-going Laurentian slab and the overriding continental arc. This accretionary channel accommodated metamorphism and tectonization of continental margin sediments and mafic volcanic rocks (greenstones) of the Laurentian margin and provided a pathway for exhumation of serpentinite slivers and rare eclogite blocks. Restricted asthenospheric flow in the forearc mantle wedge provides one explanation for the lack of ophiolites and absence of a well-preserved ultra-high-pressure terrane in central and northern Vermont. Exhumation of the subducted portion of the Laurentian margin may have been temperature triggered due to increased asthenospheric flow following a slab tear at relatively shallow depths.


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