POPULATION CYCLES AND GENE FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS IN FOXES OF THE GENUS VULPES, IN CANADA

1950 ◽  
Vol 28d (2) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Population Cycles ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
North West Territories ◽  
East West

Population densities of foxes of the genus Vulpes over most of Canada have shown a fairly regular 9 to 10 year cycle upon which has been superimposed a trend toward increase in numbers. These changes in density are investigated with reference to changes in frequency of the two genes that determine the presence of black rather than red pigment of the pelage. Of the 14 27-year series of gene frequency data, only two show any apparent correlation with the 9 to 10 year cycle in population density. These two, each with a negative correlation whose probability is less than.001, are for the "Alaskan black" gene in the North West Territories and for the "Canadian black" gene in Quebec. On the basis of these latter data the hypothesis is forwarded that there is some selective factor that may operate against these two "black" genes in an expanding population and may favor their increase in frequency when the population is decreasing in size. It is believed that this hypothesis is sufficient to explain the gradual decrease in gene frequency associated with the gradual increase in the size of the population. This hypothesis is utilized to explain the east–west gradient in gene frequency on the basis of negative selection from presumed eastern and western glacial refugia.

II.—Notes on the Pleistocene of the North-West Territories of Canada, North-West and West of Hudson Bay

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Burr Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Geological Survey ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
North West Territories

In the extreme northernmost part of Canada, lying between North Latitudes 56° and 68° and West Longitudes 88° and 112°, is an area of about 400,000 square miles, which had up to the past two years remained geologically unexplored.In 1892 the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada sent the writer to explore the country north of Churchill River, and south-west of Lake Athabasca;in1893 the exploration was continued northward, along the north shore of Athabasca Lake

POPULATION CYCLES AND COLOR PHASE GENETICS OF THE COLORED FOX IN QUEBEC

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Population Cycles ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Degree Of Isolation

The pelt collection figures for colored fox in the province of Quebec were examined. The figures for the central and southern part of the province show a typical nine-year cycle. In the northern sections the data show that until 1930 there was a nine-year cycle in colored fox coexisting with a four-year cycle in white fox. After 1930 the four-year and nine-year cycles exist simultaneously with the four-year gradually dominating the scene. In the Upper James Bay region the typical nine-year cycle shows a supplementary peak corresponding with the four-year peak observed in the regions to the north. The coat color phase ratios cannot be explained by monohybrid equilibrium but they are consistent with the view that the population consists of isolates. A partial breakdown of isolate barriers would account for the ratios observed without the necessity of the large unexplained gene frequency changes which occur if panmixia is postulated. Migration causes the breakdown of isolate barriers and this accounts for the sudden shift in gene frequency and explains the long term trends which have resulted in a lower percentage of the silver phase. The degree of isolation changes with the population pressures. The cause of the cycles appears to be resident in the respective area in which the animal breeds. Both the cycle and the color phase data indicate that northward migrations have taken place.

scholarly journals Stipendiary Magistrates and Supreme Court of the North-West Territories, 1876-1907

1969 ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Bowker
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North West Territories

The author discusses the office and role of the early Stipendiary Magistrates in the North- West Territories and their effect on establishing judicial institutions.

scholarly journals Generasjoner imellom: Holdninger til familiens ansvar øst og vest i Europa

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (0) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Katharina Herlofson ◽  
Svein Olav Daatland ◽  
Marijke Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Family Responsibility ◽  
The West ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
East West

The article addresses the strength and character of family responsibility norms in Eastern and Western Europe. The strength is measured by the level of support for filial and parental responsibilities (i.e., adult children’s obligations towards older parents and vice-versa) and the character is indicated by the priority given to the older or the younger generation. For the analyses, we employ data from thirteen Eastern and Western European countries participating in the Generations and Gender Survey. In general, family norms are stronger in the East than in the West, but it is difficult to establish where to draw a dividing line. The contrast between the two extremes, Norway and Sweden in the north-west and Georgia in the south-east, is striking. The remaining countries line up quite close along the geographical diagonal (from Scandinavia to Georgia). The character of the norms is less clearly distributed – whereas almost all countries in Eastern Europe give priority to the older generation, the picture in the West is more mixed. The results partly confirm earlier conclusions about east-west differences in family responsibility norms, but adding more countries to the analyses has revealed a more complex and ambiguous picture than presented in previous studies.

scholarly journals The Numbered Treaties: Similar Means to Dichotomous Ends

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Recent Trend ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Indian Policy ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
The Government ◽  
North West Territories

This essay reflects the recent trend among historians to assign an active role to both the Indians of the North-West Territories and the government during the Numbered Treaty process. The aboriginal peoples and the Canadian government entered the Treaty negotiations hoping to achieve dichotomous ends. Concerned over white settlement and diminishing buffalo herds, the Indians sought to use the concessions granted them under the Treaties to ensure their cultural survival. The government, on the other hand, considered the Numbered Treaties a means of achieving the goal of their Indian policy, namely bringing about the assimilation of the Indian into Euro-Canadian society.

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