EXPERIMENTS ON THE PHOTOLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CHLORINE, HYPOCHLOROUS ACID, AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

1949 ◽  
Vol 27b (4) ◽  
pp. 318-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Young ◽  
A. J. Allmand
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reaction Schemes

The photodecompositions of aqueous solutions of chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and sodium hypochlorite have been studied under a variety of conditions involving a wide range of pH, with particular attention paid to the quantum efficiency and to the proportions of the products. Reaction schemes are suggested to account for the results.

Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole-Fused Indole Derivatives via Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengtao Zhou ◽  
Qiuyu Zhang ◽  
Kashif Majeed ◽  
Bangjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Cascade Reaction ◽  
Tandem Reaction ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractA copper-catalyzed tandem reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-fused indole derivatives. This protocol allowed us to access a wide range of 1,2,3-triazole-fused indole derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. The 1,2,3-triazole-fused indole derivatives emit blue and greenish light when excited at 365 nm. The products were further explored for their quantum efficiency and photophysical properties.

Modeling of the Extraction of Lanthanide Nitrates from Aqueous Solutions Over a Wide Range of Activities by CMPO

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Belair ◽  
C. Lamouroux ◽  
M. Tabarant ◽  
A. Labet ◽  
C. Mariet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lanthanide Nitrates

Quantum efficiency of the luminescence of Eu(III), Tb(III) and Dy(III) in aqueous solutions

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 699-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Elbanowski ◽  
Stefan Lis ◽  
Jerzy Konarski
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Quantum Efficiency

scholarly journals Chlorine and its importance in the inactivation of bacteria, can it inactivate viruses?

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Nayzzel Muñoz-Castellanos ◽  
Alejandra Borrego-Loya ◽  
Cindy Viviana Villalba-Bejarano ◽  
Román González-Escobedo ◽  
Nuvia Orduño-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Fast Acting ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Inactivation Of Bacteria

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HClO), are the most widely used chlorine-based disinfectants. HClO is a fast-acting antimicrobial that interacts with many biomolecules, including amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and sulfur containing membrane components, causing cell damage. In this review, we present examples of the effectiveness of chlorine in general disinfection procedures to inactivate bacteria and, under some conditions, bacteria in biofilms and viruses.

Nonspecific Chlorination of Organics: a Chemistry Unique to Human Industry? (Putting Kraft Mill AOX Emissions into Perspective)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-362
Author(s):  
Frederick Archibald ◽  
Loredana Valeanu ◽  
Gunther Leichtle ◽  
Benoit Guilbault
Keyword(s):  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Work Done

Abstract To counter the claim that all biotreated organochlorine (AOX) emissions from modern kraft mills are unnatural and inherently hazardous, it has been argued that over 2400 different AOX compounds are now known to be produced by living organisms. This is an invalid rationale. These 2400 natural compounds are mostly specific halometabolites — each is produced as a large number of identical molecules by a specific enzyme-mediated mechanism. In contrast, in a kraft mill bleachery, heterogeneous wood derivatives are non-specifically chlorinated by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite ion (OCl-) to produce mixtures containing hundreds of different AOX species. It is therefore much more reasonable to compare mill-derived AOX to other human and natural sources of OCl-/HOCl-generated non-specific AOX. Chloroperoxidase (CPO)-type enzymes naturally produce HOCl and OCl-from common chloride ions and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). They have now been demonstrated in bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, higher plants and animals. We demonstrate that a common fungal CPO can, when applied to soil extracts, lignins, cellulosics, tannins and natural lake water organics, rapidly generate nonspecific AOX. In agreement with earlier work done in other geographic areas, AOX was found in all of a wide range of samples from the Montreal region, both from urban and relatively remote pristine lakes and woodlands. Much of it is almost certainly produced via nonspecific HOCl/OCl- chlorination. Finally, we demonstrate that nonspecific AOX is produced by a CPO in mammalian blood as the natural result of the body's immune system fighting infections. Thus, HOCl/OCl- based production of AOX from mixtures of organic molecules is seen to be a common occurrence in nature as well as a product of human technology.

An enhanced enzymatic reaction using a triphase system based on superhydrophobic mesoporous nanowire arrays

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengying Guan ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Heming Tang ◽  
Liping Chen ◽  
Xinjian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Nanowire Arrays ◽  
System P ◽  
Wide Range

Gaseous reactants play a key role in a wide range of biocatalytic reactions, however reaction kinetics are generally limited by the slow mass transport of gases (typically oxygen) in or through aqueous solutions. Herein we address this limitation by developing a triphase reaction system.

Exploring the mechanism of hypochlorous acid decomposition in aqueous solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (35) ◽  
pp. 19342-19348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Busch ◽  
Nina Simic ◽  
Elisabet Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Acid Decomposition

The fundamental chemistry of hypochlorous acid in water is explored and mechanisms for the decomposition to either chlorate or oxygen are proposed.

IMAGING PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED QWIP FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 659-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARNOLD GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Focal Plane Arrays ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Large Format ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Imaging Performance

Since the first demonstration of the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) in the 1980s, there has been much progress in the application of QWIPs to the production infrared (IR) imaging systems. At this time, focal plane arrays (FPAs) made from QWIPs are readily available for insertion in IR cameras with formats as large as 640 × 480 pixels. Several organizations now have commercially available IR camera systems using QWIPs. In spite of the low single-pixel quantum efficiency relative to MCT, excellent IR imagery has been demonstrated with large format (640 × 480 pixels) single-band and moderate format (256 × 256 pixels) dual-band FPAs. With a large-format staring FPA, one can integrate the signal current for a relatively long time to produce images of similar quality to that from a scanned line array run at the same frame rate. In fact, it can be shown that due to the nature of the noise in a QWIP device, the noise performance of a QWIP FPA can be better than that of MCT FPA as long as the conversion efficiency (the product of the quantum efficiency and the photoconductive gain) is high enough for the read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) integration capacitor to be filled in a frame time. In this chapter the results of laboratory and field tests on large-format single-color QWIP FPAs operating in the LWIR band and dual-band FPAs operating in both the MWIR and LWIR bands simultaneously will be shown. Single-color and dual-band arrays will be shown to give excellent imaging performance and that dual-band FPAs offer unique capabilities to investigate the phenomenology of targets and backgrounds. The performance of the FPAs will be presented from a system performance perspective over a wide range of operating conditions (temperature, bias, integration time, etc.). Results of measurements of noise-equivalent temperature difference (NEΔT), minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD measured as a function of target spatial frequency), responsivity, and dark current will be reported. Imagery collected in the field will show the utility of large-format LWIR FPAs for increasing the range at which targets can be identified over previous-generation scanning imagers. Dual-band imagery collected using a QWIP FPA will show how such an array as part of a future imaging system may be able to exploit differences in the IR signatures of targets and backgrounds in the MWIR and LWIR bands to enhance the visibility of targets in cluttered environments. We also show how such an array can be used to make accurate remote temperature measurements. Finally, we will compare the performance of state-of-the-art FPAs made from QWIPs and MCT.

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