PREPARATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PARABOTULINUM TOXINS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25e (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Stevenson ◽  
V. A. Helson ◽  
G. B. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Type A ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Type B ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

This paper deals with methods of producing high and consistent yields of Type A and Type B Clostridium parabotulinum toxins. It is shown that highly toxigenic strains readily lose toxin producing activity and that this type of variation may be largely prevented by storing in the cold young cultures to be used as inoculum in toxin production. The best medium of those tested consists of tryptic digest of casein, glucose, and yeast extract or clarified corn steep. Maximum growth occurs in 16 to 18 hr. at 35 °C. Growth is followed by gradual autolysis of the organisms, which is approximately complete in four to six days. Appreciable amounts of toxin are produced during the first 24 hr. of growth and a maximum is reached with the complete lysis of the organisms.Toxin may be completely precipitated from the culture fluid at pH 3.9 and may be partially purified by suspension and reprecipitation at pH 3.9. Acid precipitated toxins may be dried in vacuo, by lyophilization or spray drying. Dry toxins have been stored up to two years without loss of toxicity.Average yields per ml. of culture were:A toxin—1 × 106 LD50's for the mouse (20 gm.)2 × 105 LD50's for the guinea-pig (250 gm.)B toxin—1 × 103 LD50's for the mouse (20 gm.)1 × 105 LD50's for the guinea-pig (250 gm.)Type A toxin has the same order of toxicity for mice, guinea-pigs, chickens, and goldfish per unit of body weight. Type B toxin is 6000 to 8000 times more toxic for guinea-pigs than for mice, chickens, or goldfish on a body weight basis.

The effects of furosemide and bumetanide on lung liquid production by in vitro lungs from fetal guinea pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Thom ◽  
A. M. Perks
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Loop Diuretics ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Blue Dextran ◽  
Lung Fluid ◽  
Lung Liquid ◽  
Secretion Rates

Lungs from fetal guinea pigs of 61 ± 3 days of gestation were supported in vitro for 3 h, and lung liquid secretion rates were measured by a dye dilution technique based on Blue Dextran 2000. Ten preparations that had received no treatment showed an average secretion rate of 1.12 ± 0.28 mL∙kg−1 body weight∙h−1 during the first hour, and there were no significant changes over the following 2 h. In studies of 54 fetal lungs, furosemide, bumetanide, control ethanol carrier, or saline alone were placed in the supporting medium during the middle hour of the 3-h incubations (ABA design). Furosemide at 10−3 M reduced secretion 83.4 ± 16.8%; at 10−4 and 10−5 M it produced smaller reductions. Bumetanide at 10−3 M usually produced reabsorption (129.9 ± 23.0% reduction), at 10−4 M it reduced secretion 30.9 ± 11.8%, but at 10−5 M it was ineffective. Control carrier and saline were without effect. The ability of the loop diuretics to produce reabsorption of fluid in some preparations suggests the unmasking of an active reabsorptive process. The results also suggest that lung liquid secretion in the fetal guinea pig, as in the sheep, is dependent on a Na+ and Cl− cotransport system.Key words: fetus, lung fluid, bumetanide, furosemide.

EFFECT OF HISTAMINE ON GASTRIC PEPSINOGEN, PEPSIN SECRETION, AND BLOOD PEPSINOGEN IN GUINEA PIGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 729-732
Author(s):  
K. Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gastric Tissue ◽  
Pepsin Secretion ◽  
Enzymatic Function ◽  
Guinea Pig Stomach

The endocrine and exocrine activity of guinea pig stomach was measured by the determination of pepsinogen in gastric tissue and in plasma. Gastric juice pepsin was also studied.A significant increase of both pepsinogen and pepsin was found in animals treated with a dose of histamine (75 mg. per kg. of body weight). These results give further evidence that the zymogenic cells of gastric mucosa may be stimulated by histamine. The determination of pepsinogen in gastric tissue seems to permit a direct approach to the enzymatic function of zymogenic cells.

ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF INSULIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moloney ◽  
L. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Percentage Survival

On the basis of body weight, mice showed a higher percentage survival to large doses of insulin than did rabbits and these in turn were more resistant to insulin than guinea pigs. Antibodies to insulin were induced in five species of animals. Anti-insulins produced by the guinea pig, rabbit, sheep, and horse can each neutralize insulin extracted from the pancreas of the rabbit, sheep, horse, pig, ox, and monkey (Macacus rhesus), but none of the four can neutralize insulin extracted from guinea-pig pancreas. Guinea-pig anti-insulin can neutralize endogenous mouse insulin; horse anti-insulin cannot. The problem of the relative effectiveness of insulin as an antigen is discussed.

scholarly journals Vitamin C status, serum cholesterol levels and bile composition in the pregnant guinea-pig

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Biliary Secretion ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

1. Pregnant guinea-pigs receiving a low dose of L-ascorbic acid (0.2 mg/100 g body-weight per d) developed a hypercholesterolaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy, whereas no change in serum cholesterol levels was observed in pregnant animals receiving a higher dose of the vitamin (2 mg/100 g body-weight per d).2. Pregnancy in the group of guinea-pigs receiving the higher dose of L-ascorbic acid was associated with an increased biliary secretion of bile acids. No change was observed in the biliary secretion of bile acids in pregnant animals receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid, but these animals secreted significantly more cholesterol.3. Changes in the biliary secretion of cholesterol and bile acids in the pregnant guinea-pig according to L-ascorbic acid intake were reflected in the composition of the gall-bladder bile. Thus, the gall-bladder bile of guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid contained more cholesterol, while the gall-bladder bile of those animals receiving the higher dose of the vitamin had a higher content of bile acids.4. The increased cholesterol content of the gall-bladder of pregnant guinea-pigs receiving the lower dose of L-ascorbic acid resulted in decreased bile acid:cholesterol and phospholipid: cholesterol values, conditions predisposing to cholelithiasis.

Growth and Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum in Sliced Raw Potatoes Under Vacuum With and Without Sulfite

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 878-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIM M. SOLOMON ◽  
E. JEFFERY RHODEHAMEL ◽  
DONALD A. KAUTTER
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Type A ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Type B ◽  
Botulinum Type

The ability of Clostridium botulinum type A or B spores to grow and produce toxin in fresh raw potatoes under vacuum with or without sulfite at 22°C was investigated. Fresh, peeled, sliced potatoes, untreated or dipped for 2 min in sulfite (NaHSO3) and drained, were surface-inoculated at several levels with a mixture of C. botulinum spores, either type A or B, and placed in oxygen-impermeable bags (200 g/bag) that were then vacuum-sealed and incubated at room temperature (22°C). Toxicity was tested on days 0, 3, 4, 5 and 6. After incubation, the potatoes were blended and centrifuged, and the millipore-filtered supernatant fluid was injected intraperitoneally into mice. Sensory evaluation, except taste, was also performed. Potatoes inoculated with C. botulinum type A spores, but untreated with NaHSO3 became toxic in 3 days, which coincided with the sensory evaluation, “Unfit for human consumption.” However, despite inoculum size or residual SO2 levels, potatoes treated with NaHSO3 appeared acceptable for human consumption through day 6, even though they were toxic after 4 days of incubation. Toxicity from type B spores occurred later and in fewer test samples than type A. Again, the potatoes appeared acceptable but were toxic. Thus, although NaHSO3 markedly extended the consumer acceptability of peeled, sliced, raw potatoes at the abuse temperature, it did not inhibit outgrowth and toxin production by C. botulinum under these same conditions.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Voriconazole in a Guinea Pig Model of Invasive Trichosporonosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 2240-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Serena ◽  
Félix Gilgado ◽  
Marçal Mariné ◽  
F. Javier Pastor ◽  
Josep Guarro
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Trichosporon Asahii ◽  
Tissue Burden ◽  
Guinea Pig Model

ABSTRACT We have evaluated the efficacy of voriconazole (VRC) in a systemic infection by Trichosporon asahii in immunosuppressed guinea pigs. VRC was more effective than amphotericin B in prolonging survival and reducing tissue burden. The best results were obtained with VRC at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day.

Outgrowth and Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum in Bottled Chopped Garlic

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 862-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIM M. SOLOMON ◽  
DONALD A. KAUTTER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Type A ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Type B ◽  
Botulinum Type

The ability of Clostridium botulinum types A and B spores to grow and produce toxin in commercially bottled chopped garlic in soybean oil was investigated. Eight type A and seven type B strains of C. botulinum, mostly of vegetable origin, were used as inocula. Various numbers of spores were inoculated directly into the jars containing garlic, incubated at 35°C and sampled for organoleptic acceptance and presence of toxin every 5th d. In parallel studies conducted at room temperature, jars were sampled at 15-d intervals. At 35°C, when 1 spore/g of garlic was used as inoculum, toxin was produced in 15 d by type A and in 20 d by type B strains. At room temperature, five spores of type A or B per g of garlic produced toxin throughout 75 d. Even when highly toxic, garlic looked and smelled acceptable. Five strains of C. botulinum type A were isolated from 115 bulbs of fresh garlic.

Effects of corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin on plasma adrenocorticotrophin molecular forms, aldosterone and corticosterone in young and adult rats and rabbits

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Pradier ◽  
M Dalle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Synthetic ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) were injected alone or in combination (for each peptide 1 microgram/kg body weight) in 7-day-old and adult rats and rabbits. Fifteen minutes after the interscapulary injection, blood was collected for plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), corticosterone and aldosterone evaluation by RIA. The different circulating forms of ACTH were isolated by Sephadex G50 column chromatography with 1% formic acid and measured by RIA using 1-24 ACTH as standard. Such experiments were previously described in lambs and guinea-pigs using the same schedule. In young and adult rabbits the predominant circulating IR-ACTH form was 'big' ACTH; after stimulation with CRF, AVP or CRF + AVP the 'intermediate' IR-ACTH was greatly increased in adults, but no change was observed in young rabbits. In young and adult rats the predominant circulating form was 'intermediate' ACTH in control and injected animals; ACTH increased after CRF alone or in combination with AVP, but not after AVP alone. In both species the 'intermediate' forms of IR-ACTH were not eluted at the same time by chromatography, and calculated molecular weights were different: 14500 in rats and 9500 in rabbits. Plasma corticosterone and aldosterone were increased in rat and rabbit adults after CRF and AVP; however, they remained unchanged in young rabbits and slightly increased only after CRF in young rats in which corticosterone remained at a very low concentration compared with that in adults. Hence, the pituitary-adrenal axis of 7-day-old rabbits and rats in less reactive than that of sheep and guinea-pig of the same age.

ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF INSULIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moloney ◽  
L. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Percentage Survival

On the basis of body weight, mice showed a higher percentage survival to large doses of insulin than did rabbits and these in turn were more resistant to insulin than guinea pigs. Antibodies to insulin were induced in five species of animals. Anti-insulins produced by the guinea pig, rabbit, sheep, and horse can each neutralize insulin extracted from the pancreas of the rabbit, sheep, horse, pig, ox, and monkey (Macacus rhesus), but none of the four can neutralize insulin extracted from guinea-pig pancreas. Guinea-pig anti-insulin can neutralize endogenous mouse insulin; horse anti-insulin cannot. The problem of the relative effectiveness of insulin as an antigen is discussed.

Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in Vegetables Packaged under Vacuum or Modified Atmosphere

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY LILLY ◽  
HAIM M. SOLOMON ◽  
E. JEFFERY RHODEHAMEL
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Type B ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Anaerobic Environment

Because modified atmosphere-packaged (MAP) vegetables may provide an anaerobic environment conducive to Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production, the incidence of C. botulinum spores in commercially available, precut MAP vegetables was determined. One-pound (454-g) packages of MAP vegetables were aseptically opened, added to freshly steamed and cooled sterile trypticase-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth and incubated at 35°C for 7 days. Positive and negative controls were included with each sampling. After incubation the broth cultures were tested for toxicity by the standard mouse bioassay. Of the 1,118 MAP vegetable packages examined, one package each of shredded cabbage, chopped green pepper, and Italian salad mix contained C. botulinum type A spores. One additional salad mix (main ingredient, escarole) contained both C. botulinum type A and type B spores. Results indicated a low overall incidence rate (0.36%) of C. botulinum spores in commercially available precut MAP vegetables.

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