STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: V. POTASSIUM AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL FROM STARCH

1947 ◽  
Vol 25c (4) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate

Potassium either as potassium chloride or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was found to stimulate production of 2,3-butanediol from starch by Bacillus polymyxa and to increase the diol: ethanol ratio. In a casein hydrolysate medium, potassium alone produced this effect; however, in a synthetic (amino acid) medium, phosphorus was found to cause a slight increase in yield of diol especially in the presence of potassium.Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were shown to be required for growth of B. polymyxa in a synthetic medium containing glucose, amino acids, and biotin.By means of 'resting cells' of B. polymyxa, acting on glucose, it was demonstrated that potassium specifically stimulated the diol-synthesizing mechanism and that sodium could replace this element partially.

scholarly journals Localization of D-amino acid oxidase on the cell surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Robinson ◽  
RT Briggs ◽  
MJ Karnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

The ultrastructural localization of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) was studied cytochemically by detecting sites of hydrogen peroxide production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Reaction product, which forms when cerous ions react with H2O2 to form an electron-dense precipitate, was demonstrated on the cell surface and within the phagosomes of phagocytically stimulated cells when D-amino acids were provided as substrate. Resting cells showed only slight activity. The competitive inhibitor D,L-2-hydroxybutyrate greatly reduced the D-amino acid-stimulated reaction while KCN did not. The cell surface reaction was abolished by nonpenetrating inhibitors of enzyme activity while that within the phagosome was not eliminated. Dense accumulations of reaction product were formed in cells which phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of exogenous substrate. No reaction product formed with Proteus vulgaris while an intermediate amount formed when Escherichia coli were phagocytosed. Variation in the amount of reaction product with the different bacteria correlated with the levels of D-amino acids in the bacterial cell walls which are available for the DAO of PMNs. An alternative approach utilizing ferricyanide as an electron acceptor was also used. This technique verified the results obtained with the cerium reaction, i.e., the DAO is located in the cell surface and is internalized during phagocytosis and is capable of H2O2 production within the phagosome. The present finding that DAO is localized on the cell surface further supports the concept that the plasma membrane is involved in peroxide formation in PMNs.

A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FOR EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Onishi ◽  
Margaret E. McCance ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Complex Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Halobium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Cell Densities

A synthetic medium, made up of 15 amino acids, adenylic and uridylic acid, glycerol, asparagine or ammonium chloride, and various salts, has been developed for halophilic bacteria. Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sarcina litoralis grew as well in this medium as in a complex medium containing casein hydrolysate and yeast extract. Growth of Halobacterium halobium, Halobacterium salinarium, and Sarcina morrhuae was slower in the synthetic medium and the final cell densities were not as great as in the complex medium.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE CARBOXYLIC ACID

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1101-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ahmed ◽  
P. G. Scholefield
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The synthetic amino acid 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid does not seem to be metabolized but is actively concentrated by slices of rat brain cortex and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Its transport into the ascites cells has much in common with that of methionine since they are both inhibited by similar groups of amino acids. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of glycine, D- and L-methionine, allyl glycine, and thienyl glycine on the transport of 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid confirms the suggestion that this amino acid and methionine enter ascites cells as the result of the action of a common transport system.

Components in brain heart infusion selective for chromogenic variants of Staphylococcus aureus

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Parisi ◽  
Michael P. Kiley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Complete Synthetic Medium ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Large numbers of chromogenic variants were isolated from cultures of a parent strain of Staphylococcus aureus growing in the dialysate but not in the residue of brain heart infusion (Difco). Gas–liquid chromatographic analysis of the dialysate detected 18 amino acids in this medium. Large numbers of chromogenic variants also were isolated from 13 of 18 synthetic media deficient in a single amino acid but not in the complete synthetic medium containing all 18 amino acids. Gas–liquid chromatographic analysis detected marked quantitative differences in the amino acid metabolites present in a complete synthetic medium and the synthetic medium deficient in arginine after growth for 12 days. The data suggest that differences in the amino acid metabolism of the parent and chromogenic variants could account for the population changes observed in brain heart infusion.

Metabolic properties of Eubacterium pyruvativorans, a ruminal ‘hyper-ammonia-producing’ anaerobe with metabolic properties analogous to those of Clostridium kluyveri

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (9) ◽  
pp. 2921-2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. John Wallace ◽  
Lal C. Chaudhary ◽  
Eiichi Miyagawa ◽  
N. McKain ◽  
Nicola D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Clostridium Kluyveri ◽  
Metabolic Properties ◽  
Acetate Formation

Eubacterium pyruvativorans I-6T is a non-saccharolytic, amino-acid-fermenting anaerobe from the rumen, isolated by its ability to grow on pancreatic casein hydrolysate (PCH) as sole C source. This study investigated its metabolic properties and its likely ecological niche. Additional growth was supported by pyruvate, vinyl acetate, and, to a lesser extent, lactate and crotonate, and also by a mixture of amino acids (alanine, glycine, serine and threonine) predicted to be catabolized to pyruvate. No single amino acid supported growth, and peptides were required for growth on amino acids. Alanine, followed by leucine, serine and proline, were used most extensively during growth, but only alanine and asparate were extensively modified before incorporation. Growth on PCH, but not on pyruvate, was increased by the addition of acetate, propionate and butyrate. l-Lactate was fermented incompletely, mainly to acetate, but no lactate-C was incorporated. Propionate and butyrate were utilized during growth, forming valerate and caproate, respectively. Labelling experiments suggested a metabolic pattern where two C atoms of butyrate, valerate and caproate were derived from amino acids, with the others being formed from acetate, propionate and butyrate. The metabolic strategy of E. pyruvativorans therefore resembles that of Clostridium kluyveri, which ferments ethanol only when the reaction is coupled to acetate, propionate or butyrate utilization. The fermentative niche of E. pyruvativorans appears to be to scavenge amino acids, lactate and possibly other metabolites in order to generate ATP via acetate formation, using volatile fatty acid elongation with C2 units derived from other substrates to dispose of reducing equivalents.

VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN FLUID MEDIA

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
L. E. Ranta ◽  
Mary McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fluid Media

Studies have been made of the growth of V. cholerae in fluid media of chemically defined compositions. The addition of three amino acids, tyrosine, asparagine, and glycine, to a fluid medium containing inorganic salts produced a growth of V. cholerae equivalent to a 450 p.p.m. silica standard. Under conditions of aeration with an air and carbon dioxide mixture, yields comparable to the turbidity of a 1600 p.p.m. silica standard were obtained with a medium composed of 0.67 gm. of tyrosine, 0.42 gm. of asparagine, 0.51 gm. of glycine, 5.0 gm. of sodium chloride, 5.0 gm. of ammonium sulphate, 0.75 gm. of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.1 gm. of magnesium sulphate, 10.0 gm. of glucose, and 15.0 gm. of sodium bicarbonate dissolved in one liter of distilled water.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF AMINO ACIDS ON THE GROWTH INITIATION OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SYNTHESIS OF ALANINE FROM PYRUVATE AND AMMONIUM IONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-921
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Amino Acid Histidine ◽  
Growth Initiation

Washed cells of Rhizobium meliloti were capable of forming pyruvate from glucose and, in addition, washed cells and sonic extracts possessed a reversible alanine dehydrogenase, capable of forming alanine from pyruvate and NH4+. This synthesis of alanine was optimum at an alkaline pH and at a substrate concentration of 0.025 M and was stimulated by diphosphopyridine nucleotide but not by triphosphopyridine nucleotide. Sonic extracts in the presence of NH4+ also formed glutamate from α-ketoglutarate and aspartate from fumarate. Nevertheless, washed cells did not initiate growth in a 0.25% carbohydrate medium, containing NH4Cl, unless amino acids were present. These requisite acids either could be supplied in the medium, or the cells could be forced to synthesize them by addition to the medium of increased levels of certain compounds, such as 0.9% glucose, from which NH4+-accepting compounds could be produced. If the stimulative effect of amino acids in low-carbohydrate media were a result of an increase in the accumulation of such NH4+-acceptors such an accumulation did not apparently result from increased carbohydrate oxidation or decreased "oxidative" assimilation, since NH4+ and α-dinitrophenol, which do not initiate growth, were more active, respectively, in these two latter aspects than the amino acid (histidine) tested. On the basis of several considerations it is hypothesized that the primary effect of the growth-initiating amino acid may be directed toward the synthesis of a labile protein, intimately connected with growth, which is destroyed in resting cells.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE CARBOXYLIC ACID

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1101-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ahmed ◽  
P. G. Scholefield
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The synthetic amino acid 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid does not seem to be metabolized but is actively concentrated by slices of rat brain cortex and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Its transport into the ascites cells has much in common with that of methionine since they are both inhibited by similar groups of amino acids. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of glycine, D- and L-methionine, allyl glycine, and thienyl glycine on the transport of 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid confirms the suggestion that this amino acid and methionine enter ascites cells as the result of the action of a common transport system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document