CATALYTIC AROMATIZATION OF TURNER VALLEY CRUDES

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
W. Graham ◽  
A. T. Hutcheon ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Chromium Trioxide ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Catalytic Aromatization ◽  
Original Crude

The maximum yield of toluene resulting from catalytic aromatization of a selected cut from Turner Valley crude oil has been determined. Using a catalyst containing 14% chromium trioxide on aluminium trioxide and a temperature of 515 °C., a total yield of toluene equal to 3.15% by weight of the original crude may be obtained. This is 137% greater than the quantity of toluene originally present in the crude (1.33%). A possible recovery of approximately 250,000 lb. of toluene per day is indicated for the whole Turner Valley field (1942).

scholarly journals How Can We Realize Sustainable Development Goals in Rocky Desertified Regions by Enhancing Crop Yield with Reduction of Environmental Risks?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614
Author(s):  
Boyi Liang ◽  
Timothy A. Quine ◽  
Hongyan Liu ◽  
Elizabeth L. Cressey ◽  
Ian Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Development Goals

To meet the sustainable development goals in rocky desertified regions like Guizhou Province in China, we should maximize the crop yield with minimal environmental costs. In this study, we first calculated the yield gap for 6 main crop species in Guizhou Province and evaluated the quantitative relationships between crop yield and influencing variables utilizing ensembled artificial neural networks. We also tested the influence of adjusting the quantity of local fertilization and irrigation on crop production in Guizhou Province. Results showed that the total yield of the selected crops had, on average, reached over 72.5% of the theoretical maximum yield. Increasing irrigation tended to be more consistently effective at increasing crop yield than additional fertilization. Conversely, appropriate reduction of fertilization may even benefit crop yield in some regions, simultaneously resulting in significantly higher fertilization efficiency with lower residuals in the environment. The total positive impact of continuous intensification of irrigation and fertilization on most crop species was limited. Therefore, local stakeholders are advised to consider other agricultural management measures to improve crop yield in this region.

scholarly journals The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Water Ratio

The increasing demand of energy in Indonesia has led to the urgency to conduct research and development in renewable energy. Biomass is one of the largest renewable energy sources in Indonesia. For biomass to energy conversion, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been considered as one of the potential methods where biomass is processed using subcritical water to produce bio-oil, aqueous phase, gas, and solid product. In this research, the effect of biomass-water ratio on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process of microalgae Botryococcus braunii has been investigated. The HTL was conducted using biomass/water ratio 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 with various holding time for each ratio. The product was bio-crude oil with similar characteristics to crude oil. Experimental results showed that biomass-water ratio affected the distribution of bio-crude oil yields. For biomass-water ratio of 1:10 and 1:20, it was found that bio-crude oil yields reached a maximum at 20 minutes, while the highest bio-crude oil yield of 4% was obtained at biomass-water ratio of 1:10. On the other hand, with biomass-water ratio of 1:30, bio-crude oil yield was continuously increasing with holding time until it reached the maximum yield of 4% at 40 minutes of holding time. The aforementioned results indicated that the highest bio-crude oil yield was obtained using biomass-water ratio 1:10 and 20 minutes of HTL processing time. A B S T R A KPeruraian anaerobik merupakan salah satu bidang riset yang sangat menarik perhatian dalam era krisis energi. Biogas tidak hanya menyediakan energi alternatif, tetapi juga dapat mencegah pencemaran akibat limbah organik. Limbah lemak susu adalah substrat yang potensial untuk proses peruraian anaerobik karena memiliki potensi biogas teoritis yang tinggi akibat kandungan lemaknya yang tinggi. Namun, peruraian anaerobik dari limbah organik dengan kandungan lemak yang tinggi memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Hambatan utama dalam peruraian anaerobik dari limbah lemak susu adalah kecenderungan untuk membentuk lapisan padatan yang tidak larut dan mengapung di bagian atas fase cair. Fenomena ini menghambat akses bakteri hidrolisis terhadap substrat. Saponifikasi adalah salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutan lapisan padatan tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan ketersediaan substrat untuk bakteri. Saponifikasi akan mengubah kandungan lemak menjadi sabun yang memiliki gugus fungsi polar maupun non-polar. Gugus fungsi yang bersifat polar akan meningkatkan kelarutan substrat dalam air. Studi ini mengevaluasi pengaruh dari berbagai dosis larutan basa yang ditambahkan sebagai reaktan selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi terhadap peruraian anaerobik limbah lemak susu. Kinetika proses peruraian anaerobik dianalisis dengan menggunakan model matematika. Variasi dosis yang diamati pengaruhnya untuk perlakuan awal saponifikasi adalah 0,04 mol basa/g sCOD; 0,02 mol basa/g sCOD; dan nol (tanpa perlakuan awal saponifikasi). Dari penelitian ini, terbukti bahwa saponifikasi berhasil meningkatkan kelarutan limbah lemak susu dan juga ditunjukkan oleh nilai konstanta hidrolisis (kH) 0,00782/hari lebih tinggi dua puluh kali lipat dibandingkan dengan nilai kH 0,00032/hari pada reaktor tanpa saponifikasi. Akan tetapi, penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri asidogenik bawaan substrat terhambat kinerjanya oleh paparan pH yang tinggi selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi berlangsung sehingga hasil gas metan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada reaktor kontrol.

Impact of drip irrigation scheduling on growth, yield and water use efficiency in chilli crop under western region of Uttar Pradesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar ◽  
Joginder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Gm Plant

Drip irrigation is basically precise and slow application of water in the form of discrete continuous drops, sprayed through mechanical devices, called emitters into the root zone of the plant. The field experiment on Impact of fertigation and drip system layout were conducted at Research farm at IFTM University Moradabad (UP). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with treatments. In chilli maximum yield of 812 g/plant which is worked out as 0.006 t/ha was observed for the treatment T2. Even though the yield for the treatment T2 was high and was due to the reduction in the quantity of material for drip irrigation system. At harvesting time, samples of green pepper fruits were randomly harvested from each plot to measure fruit length, fruit diameter. In addition, total weight of fruits in each treatment were recorded by harvesting pepper fruits twice weekly and then the total yield as Kg/fed., was calculated. The maximum yield of crop 900 gm/plant and minimum of yield 600 gm/plant and total yield 52270 gm (52.270 kg).

Composition of ash from petroleum cokes in relation to quality of coker feedstock and original crude oil

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 931-935
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Abyzgil'din ◽  
Z. I. Syunyaev ◽  
A. A. Rakhmatullina ◽  
M. I. Medvedeva
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Original Crude

On the mathematical description of lactation curves

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
J. France ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Monotonically Decreasing Function ◽  
Relative Decline ◽  
Increasing Function ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThe lactation curve may be represented mathematically by the general equation Y = Aϕ1(t)ϕ2(t), where A is a positive scalar, ϕ1,(t) is a positive monotonically increasing function with an asymptote at ϕ1 = 1, and ϕ2 is a monotonically decreasing function with an initial value of unity and an asymptote at ϕ2 = 0. Functions considered as candidates for ϕ1 were: (Mitscherlich), (Michaelis-Menten), (generalized saturation kinetic), 1/(1 + b0 (logistic), b0 exp (Gompertz) and [1+ tanh(b0 + b1t)]/2 (hyperbolic tangent). Candidates for ϕ2 were e–ct (exponential) and 1/(1 + ct) (inverse straight line). The 12 models thus obtained and Y = Atb e–ct (Wood's model) were fitted to whole-lactation data from 23 animals. Mitscherlich x exponential, Michaelis-Menten x exponential, logistic x exponential, logistic × inverse straight line and Wood's model all fitted well. For these models, expressions for time to peak, maximum yield, total yield over a finite lactation and relative decline at the midway point of the declining phase were obtained. The Mitscherlich x exponential model generally fitted better than Wood's model and, unlike Wood's model, gives simple algebraic formulae for all these summary statistics.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Response to Fertilizer Application and Nutritive Quality of Huckleberry (Solanum scabrum Mill.) Varieties Cultivatedin the Mount Cameroon Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mbah H. Agwa ◽  
Ndah R. Njoh ◽  
Egbe E. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Carotene Content

This study evaluated the effects of fertilizer on growth, yield and the nutritive value of three varieties of huckleberry (“White stem”, “Bamenda” and “Foumbot”). The treatments were NPK (20:10:10) at levels 0, 100, 150, 200Kg/ha and 10 Mg/ha poultry manure and the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The Kjeldahl procedure was used for crude protein determination. The lipid content was determined with the soxlet reflux heat extraction method. The ß-carotene content was determined using spectrophotometry. Results indicated that plants supplied with 200 Kg NPK/ha fertilizer treatment had the highest plant height (66 cm) and leaf number (242) in “White stem” and “Bamenda” varieties respectively and these were significantly different from the control (P = 0.05). Leaf area was highest in “Foumbot” variety (343.1 cm2). The longest tap root length and number of primary lateral roots were noted particularly in “White stem” control plants and this was significantly different (P = 0.05) from plants supplied with fertilizers. Plants supplied with 10 Mg/ha poultry manure recorded the highest total yield for “White stem” (44.83 Mg/ha) while plants supplied 200 Kg NPK/ha had maximum yield for the “Bamenda” and “Foumbot” varieties (36.96 and 31.84 Mg/ha respectively). The “White stem” variety had the highest crude protein (303.8 mg/100 g) and ß-carotene content (1.9 mg/100 g); “Bamenda” variety had the highest total lipid (8.15%), and crude fibre (14.15%) contents, while total ash was highest in “Foumbot” (16.54%). Appropriate fertilizer levels would considerably improve huckleberry yield as well as improve income of vegetable farmers.

Yield and Fruiting Span of Tropical Vegetable Crop Parwal in a Temperate Climate

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 470c-470
Author(s):  
Wayne F. Whitehead ◽  
Bharat P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Total Acreage

Parwal, Trichosanthus dioica (Roxb.), is extensively cultivated in several areas of India, with the state of Bihar leading in total acreage and yield. This perennial cucurbit is a dioecious tropical vine producing small fleshy fruits used as a vegetable. The purpose of this study was to determine the total yield, duration of fruiting, and period of maximum yield of parwal for the middle Georgia climate. A ratio of one male to four female plants were established in 1995 on wire trellises (24.4 m long). Fruits from 16 female 4.65-m2 trellis sections were harvested weekly during Summer 1996. Data on fruit number (FNO), fruit fresh yield (FFY), and fruit dry yield (FDY) were recorded. Plants produced fruits over a 15-week period starting at the beginning of July and ending at the middle of October. The last 2 weeks of August were the peak time of production for FNO (25 fruits/plant), FFY (687.1 g/plant), and FDY (72.2 g/plant). Mean seasonal fruit number was 190 fruits/plant, while seasonal fresh fruit yield and fruit dry yield were 5.0 and 0.5 kg/plant, respectively. Results of this study indicate that parwal is able to produce fruits over 3 months in middle Georgia's temperate climate and that maximum fruit production occurs during the second half of August.

Effect of phosphorus fertiliser on the yield of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the prediction of tuber yield response by soil analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
KA Potocky-Pacay ◽  
JM Jacka ◽  
CMJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Phosphorus Extraction ◽  
Bray 1

Field experiments were conducted over 6 years at 33 sites throughout the main potato growing areas of South Australia to examine the effects of applied phosphorus (banded at planting), at rates up to 300 kg/ha, on the total yield and size distribution of tubers and to calibrate, in terms of total yield, 8 soil phosphorus extraction procedures (Colwell, Olsen, Bray 1, Bray 2, Mehlich no. 1, lactate, fluoride and total). Phosphorus application significantly (P< 0.05) increased total tuber yield at 16 sites. The mean relative yield for these responsive sites was 69.7% (range 37.4- 91.2%) compared with 97.5% (range 88.0-102.5%) for the non-responsive sites. Tuber size distributions were determined at 13 sites and, depending on site and cultivar, the yield of 80-450 g tubers for the highest yielding treatments represented from 64.2 to 93.7% of the total yield of tubers for those treatments. For each soil phosphorus extraction procedure the Mitscherlich and Smith-Dolby bent-hyperbola models and the Cate-Nelson separation were used to investigate the correlations between yield response and extractable and total phosphorus in the surface (0- 15 cm) soil samples and to calculate critical values. For loamy sand to sandy clay loam surface soils, the order of efficacy of soil tests based on the coefficients of determination (r2) calculated using the Mitscherlich and Smith-Dolby bent-hyperbola models was Bray 1 and Bray 2 > Olsen > lactate, Mehlich no. 1, fluoride and Colwell. The coefficients of determination ranged from 0.88 (Bray 1) to 0.64 (Colwell) for the Smith-Dolby bent-hyperbola model and from 0.86 (Bray 1) to 0.65 (fluoride) for the Mitscherlich model. Yield response was not correlated with total phosphorus concentration. Using the Smith-Dolby benthyperbola model the critical phosphorus values (s.e. in parentheses) were: 25.8(1.8), 40.9(2.6), l6.8(1.4), 13.9(1.0), 38.4(3.1), 24.2(2.9) and 35.1(3.0) mg/kg for the Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen, lactate, fluoride, Mehlich no. 1 and Colwell methods, respectively. Yield deficits >20% were associated with phosphorus soil test values t 2 0 mg/kg (Bray 1 method) and P-sorption values >240 mg/kg. Rates of 48-73 kg P/ha banded at planting were required for 95% of maximum yield at the deficient sites. For acid coarse-grain sand surface soils, significant Cate-Nelson separations were obtained for the Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, Mehlich no. 1 and fluoride methods, the critical phosphorus values were 7.5, 7.0, 5.5, 6.5 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. The order of efficacy of the soil tests was Bray 2 (r2 = 0.66) >Bray 1, Colwell, Mehlich no. 1 and fluoride (all r2 = 0.55). Yield deficits >10% were associated with soil test values t 6 mg/kg (Bray 1 method). Rates of 27-59 kg P/ha banded at planting were required for 95% of maximum yield at the deficient sites. Data are presented which suggest that for similar soil types and extraction procedures critical values or critical concentration ranges may apply across a range of growing conditions, planting times and cultivars.

scholarly journals Bunch and ratoon management for profitable production of high quality bananas (Musa acuminata, AAA)

1969 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José A. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Selection Of

Two long-term banana experiments were conducted to determine the effect of bunch bagging, removal of lower hands, and sucker management on fruit and bunch characteristics and total yield. Bunches covered with either Dursban-treated or untreated perforated polyethylene bags yielded 10,539 kg/ha more than the uncovered ones during a 40-month production period. Considering the price that quality bananas demand at the farm gate and the cost of bagging (materials and labor), this practice represents a net profit of $3,329.25/ha. The removal of the three lower hands from the immature racemes significantly reduced bunch mean weight and total yield. However, both removal of lower hands and bunch bagging increased size of individual fruits in the distal hand, thus up-grading fruit quality. In addition, these practices also reduced the number of days required from bunch-shooting to harvest. The selection of a vigorous "sword" sucker soon after planting, combined with repeated pruning of other competing suckers produced the maximum yield of 183,744 kg/ha during a 40-month period.

Response of winter-sown carrots (Daucus carota L.) to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
N. C. Lanztke
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Phosphorus Application

The response of winter-sown carrots to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands was investigated at 2 commercial vegetable property sites on the Swan Coastal Plain in 1996. Phosphorus was applied at rates from 0 to 160 kg/ha at 2 times of application either 100% broadcast to the soil surface and incorporated before sowing (BS) or 25% broadcast and incorporated before sowing with 75% broadcast to the soil surface (not incorporated) after sowing in 5 equal-sized applications of 15% every 3 weeks, commencing 3 weeks after sowing (BS + AS ). There was a significant increase in total yield in response to rate and time of application of phosphorus at both sites. Total yield was 3–10% higher in the BA &plus; AS than in the BS treatment at site 1 and 10–35% higher at site 2. Marketable yield was 21% higher at site 2 in the BS + AS compared with the BS treatment. Total and marketable yields were maximised at 40–80 kg/ha applied P at both sites. The concentration of phosphorus (%DW) in the youngest mature leaves at mid-growth was up to 30–35% higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Consequently, the percentage of phosphorus corresponding to the rate of applied phosphorus necessary for maximum yield was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Thus, critical concentrations of phosphorus in the youngest mature leaves required for maximum yield of carrots should take account of timing of phosphorus application. Exponential regressions best described the relationship of phosphorus uptake (phosphorus concentration yield) by roots or whole plants to rate and timing of applied phosphorus. Phosphorus uptake by roots and whole plants increased with rate of applied phosphorus and was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Recovery efficiency of fertiliser phosphorus by whole plants was 2.0–3.0-fold higher in the BS + AS treatment than in the BS treatment at 40–80 kg P/ha.

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