THE STATE OF DISPERSION OF CALCIUM STEARATE IN MINERAL OILS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22b (6) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred Gallay ◽  
Ira E. Puddington
Keyword(s):  
Partial Melting ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
The State ◽  
Calcium Stearate ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Temperature Relation ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Mesomorphic State ◽  
High Degree

Calcium stearate undergoes a partial melting to a mesomorphic state at about 100 °C, as shown by discontinuities in the density–temperature relation and in differential cooling measurements, and by the onset of plasticity. No surface activity is exhibited by the soap in mineral oil, even in the mesomorphic state. Calcium stearate dispersions in a non-polar mineral oil are essentially lyophobic up to 180 °C, whereas the soap is dispersed to a sol in more polar oils at a temperature slightly above the partial melting point.The viscosity of these dispersions, measured over a range of temperatures in a variable-pressure efflux viscosimeter shows unusual characteristics. A maximum viscosity at intermediate temperatures was found, accompanied by a high degree of dilatancy. The presence of water is shown to lower the viscosity and destroy dilatancy by agglomeration of the dispersed soap.

On the Marketness of Markets and Actor Clout: Market-shaping Roles

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Suvi Nenonen ◽  
Kaj Storbacka
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Market Maker ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Market Evolution ◽  
Network Position ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Market Shaping

In reconnecting marketing to more plastic and malleable markets, we need more understanding about market evolution. In this research we explore how to assess the state of a market, and how the roles of a market-shaping actor vary depending on this state. We view markets as configurations of 25 interdependent elements and argue that well-functioning markets have a high degree of configurational fit between elements. The level of configurational fit describes the state of a market as a continuum from low to high marketness. The clout of a market actor to influence a market configuration is an amalgamation of the actor’s capabilities, network position and relative power. By exploring marketness and clout as contextual contingencies, we identify four market-shaping roles: market maker, market activist, market champion, and market complementor. The focus of a market-shaping actor, in terms of which elements to influence and in which order, vary significantly between roles.

APPLICATION OF IR SPECTROSCOPY IN THE STUDY OF MINERAL OIL

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
E. I. Grushova ◽  
A. .. Al Razuqi ◽  
E. S. Chaiko ◽  
O. A. Miloserdova
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Vacuum Distillate ◽  
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Tertiary Butyl ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Modifying Additive

IR spectroscopy investigated structural and group composition of base mineral oils isolated from the vacuum distillate by selective purification of N-methylpyrrolidone and the low temperature dewaxing in the presence of a solvent. The role of the latter was carried out by the systems acetone - toluene, acetone - methyl tertiary butyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone - toluene, acetone - toluene - modifying additive. It was shown that the chemical composition of the group of base oils and slack waxes is defined as the nature of the solvent to the dewaxing, and oils sequence of purification steps.

scholarly journals Migration of mineral oil in elastomers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Förster ◽  
Artur Blivernitz
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Small Reservoir ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Suitable Measure

AbstractThis work describes a newly introduced experimental procedure to quantify the diffusion progress of mineral oils locally resolved in NBR. Diffusion of reference oils IRM 901, IRM 902 and IRM 903 in NBR with various acrylonitrile contents was investigated. Classical sorption experiments were performed as a basic characterization and compared to the newly introduced method. Here, elastomer specimens are only being dipped with the bottom in a relatively small reservoir of mineral oil. This provides a determination of locally resolved concentration profiles of mineral oils, and the calculation of diffusion coefficients. These diffusion coefficients follow the same trends like those determined via sorption experiments. Despite differences in the absolute numbers, activation energies of diffusion can be applied as a suitable measure for the compatibility of elastomers and fluids.

scholarly journals Decoupling of Mechanical and Transport Properties in Organogels via Solvent Variation

Gels ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kenneth P. Mineart ◽  
Cameron Hong ◽  
Lucas A. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Triblock Copolymer ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Solute Diffusion ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Chain Entanglement ◽  
Mineral Oils

Organogels have recently been considered as materials for transdermal drug delivery media, wherein their transport and mechanical properties are among the most important considerations. Transport through organogels has only recently been investigated and findings highlight an inextricable link between gels’ transport and mechanical properties based upon the formulated polymer concentration. Here, organogels composed of styrenic triblock copolymer and different aliphatic mineral oils, each with a unique dynamic viscosity, are characterized in terms of their quasi-static uniaxial mechanical behavior and the internal diffusion of two unique solute penetrants. Mechanical testing results indicate that variation of mineral oil viscosity does not affect gel mechanical behavior. This likely stems from negligible changes in the interactions between mineral oils and the block copolymer, which leads to consistent crosslinked network structure and chain entanglement (at a fixed polymer concentration). Conversely, results from diffusion experiments highlight that two penetrants—oleic acid (OA) and aggregated aerosol-OT (AOT)—diffuse through gels at a rate inversely proportional to mineral oil viscosity. The inverse dependence is theoretically supported by the hydrodynamic model of solute diffusion through gels. Collectively, our results show that organogel solvent variation can be used as a design parameter to tailor solute transport through gels while maintaining fixed mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Use of Waste Mineral Oils as a Fuel with Organic-based Mn Additive

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent Özdalyan ◽  
Recep Ç. Orman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Heat Value ◽  
Different Doses

The heat values of waste mineral oils are equal to the heat value of the fuel oil. However, heat value alone is not sufficient for the use of waste mineral oils. as fuel. However, the critical physical properties of fuels such as density and viscosity need to be adapted to the system in order to be used. In this study, the engine oils used in the first 10,000 km of the vehicles were used as waste mineral oil. An organic-based Mn additive was synthesized to improve the properties of the waste mineral oil. It was observed that mixing the Mn additive with the waste mineral oil at different doses (4, 8, 12 and 16 ppm) improves the viscosity of the waste oil and the flash point. The resulting fuel was evaluated for emission using different loads in a 5 kW capacity generator to compare the fuel with standard diesel fuel and to determine the effect of Mn addition. In the experimental study, it was observed that the emission characteristics of the fuel obtained from waste mineral oil were worse than diesel fuel, but some improvement with Mn addition. As a result, we found that the use of waste mineral oils in engines in fuel standards was not appropriate, but may be improved with additives.

scholarly journals Optimizing characteristics in mineral insulating oil used in high power transformers

2019 ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Irina Alina Chera Anghel ◽  
Loredana Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Insulating Liquid ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Good Heat ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

The most commonly used insulating liquid in transformers is mineral oil. Special synthetic applications such as silicone, ester, perchloroethene, etc. are used today in special applications, with different characteristics, very low or nonexistent toxicity to mineral oils used in transformers. On the other hand, they have a much better biodegradability than mineral oils in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. But they cannot directly replace the mineral oil in operation or in repaired units. They have dielectric properties and good heat transfer but have limited their use to special transformers due to the relatively high cost and availability.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF THE WORK AT HEIGHT

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Lenka Kissiková ◽  
Ivan Dlugoš
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
The State ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Fatal Accidents ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Training

<p>The article evaluates the issue of work at heights in industry and reports statistics on fatal accidents at work, the source of which is a fall from above. It also deals with the assessment of the state of personal protective equipment already in use - for example, safety and working ropes and other accessories contaminated with facade paints, lyes, acids or mineral oils and their misuse and dangerous use. The state of the assessed personal protective equipment used was assessed in a test facility on test machines, where the safety of these devices was verified under certain conditions. The article also mentions the issue of inadequate training and training of high-level workers and the lack of training centers that carry out such training.</p>

scholarly journals Transport of Atrazine Via Leaching in Agricultural Soil with Mineral Oil Addition

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.F. MENDES ◽  
A.T. SHIROMA ◽  
R.F. PIMPINATO ◽  
M.R. REIS ◽  
V.L. TORNISIELO
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Leachate Solution ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Application Volume

ABSTRACT: Adjuvants, such as mineral oils, are widely used in the application of herbicides by reducing the drift and evaporation of the droplets and by increasing herbicide uptake by the plant. However, little is known about how mineral oil behaves when in contact with the soil. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the transport of atrazine via leaching with the addition of mineral oil in a soil agricultural under laboratory conditions. To quantify the concentration of the herbicide along the profile of the very clay soil column (30 cm), 14C-atrazine (ring-U-14C) was used with 16,667 Bq of radioactivity per column in volume of 200 mL solution and 0 (control), 1, and 2% mineral oil (v/v) was added in the application volume. Atrazine was applied at the highest commercial dose recommended for sugarcane (4 kg ha-1). After simulation of a precipitation of 200 mm for 48 h, each column was sectioned into six parts of 5 cm and the analytes of each soil sample and the leachate were quantified by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The atrazine remained in the superficial layer of the soil, between 0 and 10 cm of depth, independent of the addition of mineral oil. No atrazine residues were detected in the leachate solution (> 30 cm) in any evaluated treatment. The addition of mineral oil at the time of application of pre-emergence atrazine did not interfere with the transport of this herbicide in the soil profile agricultural via leaching; therefore, the adjuvant may have positive effect only in the herbicide-plant relationship.

scholarly journals Litigation of civil liability proceedings and its respective indemnification judgments against dental surgeons in the Court of Justice of the state of Paraná

RSBO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Fernanda Tiboni ◽  
Izabele Baier ◽  
Hildegard Giostri ◽  
Wellington Zaitter ◽  
Eliene Imano Otta
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Responsibility ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Specific Responsibility ◽  
Moral Damage ◽  
Human Care ◽  
High Degree

The dental surgeon, which is a health professional, besides the responsibility common to all people as a citizen, also assumes a specific responsibility: to answer for the acts committed in the exercise of the profession. The so-called professional responsibility involves a fourfold framework: criminal, civil, administrative and ethical. With the greater access of the population to justice, it is not uncommon to know of a dental surgeon who is being fired by a patient and civilly responsible. In this sphere, the professional can be condemned due to his conduct during the treatment being classified as: Negligent, Imprudent and Malpractice. Conviction for any of these conducts, or even the combination of more than one of them conducts monetary reimbursement. These are the so-called material, moral and aesthetic indemnities. Objective: Observe how many processes were judged in the Court of Justice of the State of Paraná (TJPR) between 1995 and 2018 and to establish a default value for civil liability actions against dentists. Material and methods: We conducted a search on the TJPR website of all civil liability cases against dental surgeon tried in second instance between 1995 and July 2018 using pre-established keywords and including all judgments in the statistic results. Results: Between 1995 and 2018 there was an increase of 3.420% in the number of shares. The majority of material damages are below 15,000 reais, moral damage 13,000 and aesthetic damage 3,000 reais. The medium indemnified value was 4.142 reais. Conclusion: We observed the high degree of incidence of this type of process and that the highest indemnity was about material injury. However moral injuries got the highest medium value, showing the importance of human care. The dental surgeon, which is a health professional, besides the responsibility common to all people as a citizen, also assumes a specific responsibility: to answer for the acts committed in the exercise of the profession. The so-called professional responsibility involves a fourfold framework: criminal, civil, administrative and ethical. With the greater access of the population to justice, it is not uncommon to know of a dental surgeon who is being fired by a patient and civilly responsible. In this sphere, the professional can be condemned due to his conduct during the treatment being classified as: Negligent, Imprudent and Malpractice. Conviction for any of these conducts, or even the combination of more than one of them conducts monetary reimbursement. These are the so-called material, moral and aesthetic indemnities. Objective: Observe how many processes were judged in the Court of Justice of the State of Paraná (TJPR) between 1995 and 2018 and to establish a default value for civil liability actions against dentists. Material and methods: We conducted a search on the TJPR website of all civil liability cases against dental surgeon tried in second instance between 1995 and July 2018 using pre-established keywords and including all judgments in the statistic results. Results: Between 1995 and 2018 there was an increase of 3.420% in the number of shares. The majority of material damages are below 15,000 reais, moral damage 13,000 and aesthetic damage 3,000 reais. The medium indemnified value was 4.142 reais. Conclusion: We observed the high degree of incidence of this type of process and that the highest indemnity was about material injury. However moral injuries got the highest medium value, showing the importance of human care.

Geochemistry of Late Proterozoic amphibolites and ultramafic rocks, southeastern Canadian Cordillera

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Sevigny
Keyword(s):  
Partial Melting ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Canadian Cordillera ◽  
Elemental Abundances ◽  
Late Proterozoic ◽  
Group I ◽  
Heterogeneous Mantle ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ree Patterns

Late Proterozoic amphibolites and ultramafic rocks from the southeastern Canadian Cordillera have been analysed for major and trace elements in order to determine the nature and origin of the protoliths. Geologic relations indicate that these rocks were produced during an episode of continental rifting in the Precambrian. Based on rare-earth-element (REE) patterns, immobile-incompatible-element ratios, and characteristic elemental abundances, amphibolites are subdivided into alkaline and tholeiitic metabasalts. Alkaline basalts are recognized by their steep REE patterns, high Zr/Y, high TiO2 and P2O5 abundances, and low Y/Nb and Ti/Zr. Tholeiitic basalts are subdivided into three groups: (I) high-Mg#, high-field-strength-element (HFSE)-depleted, light-REE (LREE)-enriched tholeiites with flat heavy REE (HREE) patterns; (II) LREE-enriched tholeiites depleted in HREE; and (III) low-Mg# tholeiites with flat REE patterns. Ultramafic rocks occur as boudins of partially recrystallized Cr-spinel-bearing harzburgite or therzolite, enriched in LREE (Ce/Sm = 1.7–1.9), HFSE, CaO, Al2O3, and TiO2 relative to depleted mantle.Geochemical data suggest that the basalts were derived from a heterogeneous mantle source that underwent different degrees of partial melting with variable amounts of subsequent crystal fractionation of the melts. High Mg#, high Cr and Ni abundances, low HFSE abundances, and high olivine saturation temperatures suggest that group I tholeiites are primary mantle melts produced by a relatively high degree of partial melting of a LREE-enriched, HFSE-depleted source. Group II and III basalts have undergone moderate olivine and pryoxene and limited plagioclase fractionation. Mass-balance calculations suggest that the ultramafic rocks represent a crustally contaminated primary-mantle-derived melt.Les éléments majeurs et traces des amphibolites et des ultramafites, d'âge protérozoïque tardif, du sud-est de la Cordillère canadienne ont été analysés dans le but de déterminer la nature et l'origine des protolithes. Les relations géologiques indiquent que ces roches se sont formées durant un épisode de rifting continental dans le Précambrien. Les diagrammes des terres rares, les rapports des éléments immobiles et incompatibles et les compositions chimiques caractéristiques ont permis de subdiviser les amphibolites en métabasaltes tholéiitiques et alcalins. Les basaltes alcalins sont reconnus par les courbes abruptes dans les diagrammes des terres rares, les rapports Zr/Y élevés et les fortes teneurs en TiO2 et P2O5 et les rapports Y/Nb et Ti/Zr faibles. Les basaltes tholéiitiques sont subdivisés en trois groupes : (I) avec Mg# élevé, appauvrissement en éléments de force de champ élevée, tholéiites enrichies en terres rares légères avec courbe horizontale des terres rares lourdes; (II) tholéiites enrichies en terres rares légères et appauvries en terres rares lourdes; et (III) tholéiites avec Mg# faible et avec courbe horizontale des variations des terres rares. Les ultramafites se présentent en boudins formés d'harzburgite incluant un spinelle chromifère partiellement recristallisé ou de therzolite qui sont enrichies en terres rares légères (Ce/Sm = 1,7–1,9), en éléments à force de champ élevée, en CaO, Al2O3 et TiO2, comparativement à un manteau appauvri.

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