DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: VIII. AN IMPROVED FLUORESCENCE METHOD AND SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASUREMENT

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (11) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Pearce ◽  
M. W. Thistle ◽  
Margaret Reid
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Fluorescence Method ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Whole Egg ◽  
Material Saving

An improved method avoided prolonged nitration periods and effected a material saving in chemicals, but the results do not differ from those obtained by the original method. The improved method is as follows: 2.5 gm. of egg powder is defatted with three 25 ml. portions of chloroform; 1 gm. of the defatted powder is shaken for 30 min. with 100 ml. of 10% sodium chloride, filtered, and the fluorescence of 15 ml. of the filtrate determined in a photofluorometer.Increase in temperature raised the values obtained by 0.65 photofluorometer units per Centigrade degree. Although decrease in the pH of the protein extracts was associated with increase in fluorescence values, variations in the pH of the protein solvent from 4.6 to 8.9 caused no significant change in fluorescence values.

DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXIV. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING COLOUR

1947 ◽  
Vol 25f (2) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
H. Tessier ◽  
J. R. Marier ◽  
Jesse A. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Sunset Yellow ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Grey Colour ◽  
Whole Egg

A nine filter colour comparator was used to compare egg powders with strips showing the colour of dried egg as received in the United Kingdom. Drying either fresh or frozen eggs did not affect powder colour but Grade B and Grade C eggs gave a product with a more intense yellow colour than Grade A eggs. The area of Canada in which eggs were produced did not affect the colour of the subsequent powder appreciably but powders prepared from eggs produced in May to July, 1945 were a more intense yellow than those from eggs produced in January to April of the same year. Exposure of the liquid egg to light before drying resulted in powders of a duller grey colour than when the liquid was kept in the darkness. Commercial cone-type driers gave powders of a more intense yellow than commercial box-type driers, while powders prepared on the laboratory drier were paler than those prepared on the commercial driers. Coarse powders scattered less of the impinging light than fine powders but the colour quality of the scattered light was unaffected. The addition of a mixture of two dyes, Tartrazme and Sunset Yellow, to liquid egg before drying improved the colour of the resulting powder.

DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXII. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION AND INITIAL QUALITY OF DRIED SUGAR-AND-EGG MIXTURES

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (6) ◽  
pp. 420-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Pearce ◽  
J. Brooks ◽  
H. Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Spray Drier ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Whole Egg

Sugar–egg powder was produced under a variety of conditions in a laboratory spray drier and in two commercial driers. A product prepared at inlet temperatures below 270° F. and outlet temperatures below 150° F. was the most suitable for baking purposes and was generally the best when assessed by measurements of fluorescence, potassium chloride value, and pH. Powder of particle size small enough to pass an 80 mesh screen (U.S. Bureau of Standards) appeared to have better baking properties than coarser material. Trials with nozzles of various sizes indicated that the best product was prepared using small nozzles. Sucrose syrup or solid sucrose, with fresh or frozen egg, all produced powders of similar initial quality.

DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: III. A REFRACTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (7) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Harold White ◽  
G. A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Refractometric Determination ◽  
Curvilinear Relation ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Whole Egg

The refractometric determination of the solubility of dried, whole egg powder was found to be affected by the method of defatting, the nature of the fat and protein solvents, the ratio of protein solvent to powder, the method of equilibration, and time of extraction. These factors were standardized by defatting egg powder with petroleum ether and extracting for a period of two hours with a 5% solution of sodium chloride. The refractometric value of the extract was determined at 25 °C. using an Abbé refractometer.The refractometric value was linearly related to the content of water soluble nitrogen of whole powder and to the potassium chloride value of defatted powder. A curvilinear relation was obtained with the content of crude albumin nitrogen and with the potassium chloride value of whole egg powder.

DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: X. THE EFFECT OF ADDED SUBSTANCES ON KEEPING QUALITY

1944 ◽  
Vol 22f (2) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Pearce ◽  
A. H. Woodcock ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Whole Egg

Dried whole egg powders, treated with a number of substances prior to drying, were stored at temperatures from 23.9° to 47.7 °C. Deterioration in quality was assessed by fluorescence measurements, supported in some instances by palatability tests.Fluorescence development in powders containing sodium chloride in combination with either citric or lactic acid was more rapid than in the control powder. The effect was less marked when any of these substances was used alone. The addition of 15% sucrose was more effective in inhibiting fluorescence development at 23.9 °C. than at 37.2 °C. but had no effect at 47.7 °C. The addition of 0.2% sodium bicarbonate, an amount that did not affect the flavour of the powder, retarded deterioration as indicated by fluorescence and palatability tests. Other alkaline salts studied (sodium acetate, benzoate, citrate, salicylate, and tartrate) had no effect.

scholarly journals Geological Modeling Method Based on the Normal Dynamic Estimation of Sparse Point Clouds

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Tiandong Shi ◽  
Deyun Zhong ◽  
Liguan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Geological Modeling ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Normal Estimation ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Correct Point

The effect of geological modeling largely depends on the normal estimation results of geological sampling points. However, due to the sparse and uneven characteristics of geological sampling points, the results of normal estimation have great uncertainty. This paper proposes a geological modeling method based on the dynamic normal estimation of sparse point clouds. The improved method consists of three stages: (1) using an improved local plane fitting method to estimate the normals of the point clouds; (2) using an improved minimum spanning tree method to redirect the normals of the point clouds; (3) using an implicit function to construct a geological model. The innovation of this method is an iterative estimation of the point cloud normal. The geological engineer adjusts the normal direction of some point clouds according to the geological law, and then the method uses these correct point cloud normals as a reference to estimate the normals of all point clouds. By continuously repeating the iterative process, the normal estimation result will be more accurate. Experimental results show that compared with the original method, the improved method is more suitable for the normal estimation of sparse point clouds by adjusting normals, according to prior knowledge, dynamically.

scholarly journals Efficacy of compressed sodium chloride (CSC) against E. coli and Candida auris in minutes and methods improvement for testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan N. Truong ◽  
Brayden D. Whitlock
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Antimicrobial Surfaces ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
Time Point

AbstractControlling infections has become one of the biggest problems in the world, whether measured in lives lost or money spent. This is worsening as pathogens continue becoming resistant to therapeutics. Antimicrobial surfaces are one strategy being investigated in an attempt to decrease the spread of infections through the most common route of transmission: surfaces, including hands. Regulators have chosen two hours as the time point at which efficacy should be measured. The objectives of this study were to characterize the new antimicrobial surface compressed sodium chloride (CSC) so that its action may be understood at timepoints more relevant to real-time infection control, under two minutes; to develop a sensitive method to test efficacy at short time points; and to investigate antifungal properties for the first time. E. coli and Candida auris are added to surfaces, and the surfaces are monitored by contact plate, or by washing into collection vats. An improved method of testing antimicrobial efficacy is reported. Antimicrobial CSC achieves at least 99.9% reduction of E. coli in the first two minutes of contact, and at least 99% reduction of C. auris in one minute.

Factors affecting constancy of acetate concentration and correct determination of methanogenic activity in pH-stat experiments

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
M. Mösche ◽  
U. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acetate Concentration ◽  
Correct Determination ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
The Stability

The determination of methanogenic activity with a pH-stat titration bioassay is evaluated utilising a mathematical model of this system. For given kinetic parameters and experimental conditions the model calculates the development of titrant flow and acetate concentration during experiments. Simulations of experiments under various conditions are compared. They show that the original method inherently causes a strong drift of acetate concentration during the experiments and a misestimation of methanogenic activity. As a solution to these disadvantages the addition of sodium hydroxide to the titrant and a careful control of pH during flushing the reactor with gas prior to the experiment are recommended. In this way a better constancy of acetate concentration and a more accurate determination of methanogenic activity should be achievable. The accuracy of this method is limited by the stability of pH-electrode calibration parameters.

Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Method for Aerobic Plate Count in Foods: Collaborative Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis Entis ◽  
◽  
J Allen ◽  
A Bhatnagar ◽  
A Brouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Membrane Filter Method ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Egg Powder ◽  
Raw Poultry ◽  
Whole Egg

Abstract Twenty-one laboratories participated in a collaborative study to validate a hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) method for aerobic plate count by comparing its performance against the AOAC/APHA pour plate method. Raw milk, raw poultry, whole egg powder, flours, and spices were included in the study. Counts obtained by the HGMF and pour plate methods did not differ significantly, except in the case of whole egg powder, for which the HGMF method produced significantly higher counts. The hydrophobic grid membrane filter method for aerobic plate count in foods has been adopted official first action.

scholarly journals Improved HPLC Conditions to Determine Eumelanin and Pheomelanin Contents in Biological Samples Using an Ion Pair Reagent

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shosuke Ito ◽  
Sandra Del Bino ◽  
Tomohisa Hirobe ◽  
Kazumasa Wakamatsu
Keyword(s):  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Improved Method

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation (AHPO) of eumelanin and pheomelanin, two major classes of melanin pigments, affords pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and pyrrole-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA) from eumelanin and thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) from pheomelanin. Quantification of these five markers by HPLC provides useful information on the quantity and structural diversity of melanins in various biological samples. HPLC analysis of these markers using the original method of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.1):methanol = 99:1 (85:15 for PTeCA) on a reversed-phase column had some problems, including the short lifetime of the column and, except for the major eumelanin marker PTCA, other markers were occasionally overlapped by interfering peaks in samples containing only trace levels of these markers. These problems can be overcome by the addition of an ion pair reagent for anions, such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (1 mM), to retard the elution of di-, tri- and tetra-carboxylic acids. The methanol concentration was increased to 17% (30% for PTeCA) and the linearity, reproducibility, and recovery of the markers with this improved method is good to excellent. This improved HPLC method was compared to the original method using synthetic melanins, mouse hair, human hair, and human epidermal samples. In addition to PTCA, TTCA, a major marker for pheomelanin, showed excellent correlations between both HPLC methods. The other markers showed an attenuation of the interfering peaks with the improved method. We recommend this improved HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of melanin markers following AHPO because of its simplicity, accuracy, and reproducibility.

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