STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CEREAL GRAINS: II. THE EFFECT OF AGE AND KERNEL SIZE ON THE COURSE OF RESPIRATION OF WHEAT DURING EARLY GERMINATION STAGES

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (10) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Leach
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Saturated Atmosphere ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Lower Carbon ◽  
Small Average Size

Wheat samples that had been previously stored for periods of 6, 18, and 30 months were kept at 25 °C. (a) in contact with water, and (b) in a moisture-saturated atmosphere for 40-hr. periods during which hourly records of their carbon dioxide outputs were made. The lengths of the previous storage periods did not appear to have had any significant effect on the respiratory activities of the samples. Kernel size, however, was found to have a definite effect on respiration on the basis of the quantity of carbon dioxide produced per unit weight of grain, kernels of large average size giving a lower carbon dioxide output per unit weight of grain than kernels of small average size.

scholarly journals Structures of spontaneous deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3748-3754 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Pulak ◽  
P Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Heavy Chain Gene ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain Gene ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Small Average Size

We have investigated the structural features of spontaneous deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans. We cloned and sequenced the junctions of 16 spontaneous deletions affecting the unc-54 myosin heavy-chain gene and compared their sequences with those of the wild type. We analyzed these sequences in an attempt to identify structural features of the gene that are consistently involved in the spontaneous deletion process. Most deletions (15 of 16) removed a single contiguous region of DNA, with no nucleotides inserted or rearranged at the deletion junctions; one deletion was more complex. unc-54 deletions were small, averaging 600 base pairs in length, and were randomly distributed throughout the gene. Unlike deletions that occur in Escherichia coli, spontaneous unc-54 deletions did not contain statistically significant direct or inverted repeats at or near their termini. Except for their small average size, we have not identified any distinguishing features of their sequence or structure. We discuss these results with regard to the mechanisms for spontaneous deletion in eucaryotic and procaryotic cells.

The effect of age and method of gas delivery on carbon dioxide euthanasia of pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Sutherland ◽  
PJ Bryer ◽  
BL Backus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Effect Of Age

scholarly journals Effect of Trace Yttrium Addition and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast ADC12 Aluminum Alloy

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
Qingjie Wu ◽  
Hong Yan ◽  
Songgen Zhong ◽  
Zhixiang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Primary Si ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Yttrium Addition ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Small Average Size

The effects of rare earth yttrium (Y) additions and the heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast ADC12 aluminum alloy have been investigated. The results showed that the primary Si crystals were significantly refined from long axis to fibrous or granular when the Y content was 0.2 wt%. Compared to the matrix, the mean area and aspect ratio were decreased by 92% and 75%, respectively. Moreover, the Si and Fe-rich phases were spheroidized and refined with a small average size during the solid solution. It was also noted that the copper-rich phases were dissolved into the matrix. Correspondingly, it was found that after metamorphic and heat treatment the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, and, hardness increased by 81.9%, 69.7%, and 74.8%, respectively, compared to the matrix. The improved mechanical properties can primarily be attributed to the optimization of the microstructure and the refinement of various phases.

The Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia Below the Carbon Dioxide Threshold

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Rapanos ◽  
James Duffin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Progressive Hypoxia ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreflex ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia ◽  
Lower Carbon

The ventilatory response to acute progressive hypoxia below the carbon dioxide threshold using rebreathing was investigated. Nine subjects rebreathed after 5 min of hyperventilation to lower carbon dioxide stores. The rebreathing bag initially contained enough carbon dioxide to equilibrate alveolar and arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide to the lowered mixed venous partial pressure (≈ 30 mmHg), and enough oxygen to establish a chosen end-tidal partial pressure (50-70 mmHg), within one circulation time. During rebreathing, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased while end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen fell. Ventilation increased linearly with end-tidal carbon dioxide above a mean end-tidal partial pressure threshold of 39 ± 2.7 mmHg. Below this peripheral-chemoreflex threshold, ventilation did not increase, despite a progressive fall in end-tidal oxygen partial pressure to a mean of 37 ± 4.1 mmHg. In Conclusion, hypoxia does not stimulate ventilation when carbon dioxide is below its peripheral-chemoreflex threshold. Key words: peripheral chemoreflex, rebreathing technique, hyperventilation

scholarly journals Effect of Age on Eag Response and Attraction of FemaleAnastrepha suspensa(Diptera: Tephritidae) to Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Kendra ◽  
Wayne S. Montgomery ◽  
Daniel M. Mateo ◽  
Helena Puche ◽  
Nancy D. Epsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Effect Of Age

scholarly journals The swelling of charcoal. Part I.—Preliminary experiments with water vapour, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and sulphur dioxide

1930 ◽  
Vol 130 (812) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Hyperbolic Equations ◽  
Additional Term ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Additive Constant ◽  
Smooth Curves ◽  
The Common ◽  
Experimental Values

The experiments of Meehan having shown that charcoal increases in volume when taking up carbon dioxide, it became an obvious step to correlate this expansion with the quantity of gas adsorbed. In this paper a form of extensometer is described which, while sufficiently sensitive and accurate for the measurement of the percentage linear expansion ( x ) of a rod of wood charcoal, was yet compact enough to permit its being sealed up in an all-glass apparatus, so that simultaneous determinations could be made of the weight ( s ) of gas taken up per unit weight of the absorbent. The graphs obtained by plotting the variables x and s have certain interesting characteristics which it will be convenient to describe before dealing with the detailed results. As fig. 1 shows, the coefficient dx/ds increases steadily with s ; thus far the charcoal behaves similarly to many of the common gels, which contract proportionately less in the later stages of drying, owing to the micellæ coming in contact with each other. The swelling of charcoal, however, appears to follow a more regular course than that of the elastic gels, and in the case of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sulphur dioxide is given within the limits of accuracy of our experiments by hyperbolic equations of the type x = k s /S— s ... where k and S are constants characteristic of each gas. In fig. 1 the experimental values of x have been plotted (for convenience of representation) against s /S. The smooth curves for ammonia of the above form, using appropriate values of the constants. An additional term (a small additive constant over the experimental range) is necessary to represent the behaviour of water vapour.

The Potential of Ascophyllum Nodosum to Accelerate Green Waste Composting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Mostafa E Rateb ◽  
Andrew S Hursthouse ◽  
Gary Thomson ◽  
Mohammed Yaseen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lower Carbon

Abstract Millions of tonnes of green waste are produced annually in the UK. The process of composting usually extends to more than two months as well producing greenhouse gases which affect the environment. We proposed a potential approach to use algal extract from Ascophyllum nodosum as a compost accelerator. Seaweed-based treatments offer an economical and effective biological solution which activates and stabilises the decomposition of organic matter. Reducing both the cost and time associated with widely used composting approaches. The seaweed was collected from Scottish coastline, extracted, and formulated to enhance application. Its effects on the timeline of the composting process was systematically investigated through physical, biological, and observational quantification. The emission of gases, the pH, temperature, humidity, consistency, and microbial growth of the compost were studied.Interestingly, the results showed that the compost reached a stability status within 6 weeks, less ammonia and lower carbon dioxide produced. The use of this formulation has the potential to minimise expense, reduce resources used, and lower the levels of harmful volatile organics. This approach is economically beneficial and environmentally crucial in compost formulation, the control of contamination, and reduction of greenhouse gases.

Structures of spontaneous deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3748-3754
Author(s):  
R A Pulak ◽  
P Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Heavy Chain Gene ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain Gene ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Small Average Size

We have investigated the structural features of spontaneous deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans. We cloned and sequenced the junctions of 16 spontaneous deletions affecting the unc-54 myosin heavy-chain gene and compared their sequences with those of the wild type. We analyzed these sequences in an attempt to identify structural features of the gene that are consistently involved in the spontaneous deletion process. Most deletions (15 of 16) removed a single contiguous region of DNA, with no nucleotides inserted or rearranged at the deletion junctions; one deletion was more complex. unc-54 deletions were small, averaging 600 base pairs in length, and were randomly distributed throughout the gene. Unlike deletions that occur in Escherichia coli, spontaneous unc-54 deletions did not contain statistically significant direct or inverted repeats at or near their termini. Except for their small average size, we have not identified any distinguishing features of their sequence or structure. We discuss these results with regard to the mechanisms for spontaneous deletion in eucaryotic and procaryotic cells.

The nutritive value of Calluna Vulgaris: III. Digestibility at four and ten years after burning

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor Thomas ◽  
Allan N. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Effect Of Age

1. The necessity for further information on the digestibility of heather, with particular reference to the effect of age, has been discussed.2. The digestibility of well-defined samples of heather of 4 and 10 years of age has been determined.3. Four-year-old Blackface wethers in crates were fed diets containing 50% of heather and 50% of medium-quality meadow hay.4. The younger sample of heather was found to have appreciably higher digestibility coefficients for all nutritive constituents other than crude fibre.5. Agreement between duplicate sheep in respect of their capacity to digest crude protein was found to be good, and faecal metabolic nitrogen outputs were similar.6. Faecal metabolic nitrogen output was inversely related to the percentage of heather contained in the diet. No relationship between faecal metabolic nitrogen and bulk, as measured on a basis of volume per unit weight, could be established.7. It has been concluded that heather, though inferior as a source of protein, provides rather more energy than a poor-quality meadow hay, and is thus of value as a winter feed.

Preparation of Liposome Particle of Atractylone by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wen ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Zong Kun Zheng ◽  
Xin Kui You ◽  
Yi Tao Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Liposome Suspension ◽  
Liposomal Suspension ◽  
Atractylodes Macrocephala ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

The liposome particle entrapping atractylone extracted from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.was prepared and characterized. The liposome suspension of atractylone was formed by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) expansion process and was dried by vacuum freezing. The physicochemical properties of the liposome particle including microstructure, size, entrapment efficiency and drug loading content were measured. The liposome formation could be controlled by adjusting the processing conditions such as pressure, temperature of SC-CO2 and mole fraction of ethanol in SC-CO2 [ x (CH3CH2OH)]. The entrapment efficiency, loading content, and average size of liposome particle were 83.1％, 5.1％ and 506.5nm respectively under the optimum conditions of 30MPa，338K and x (CH3CH2OH) = 15％.The liposome particle presented good performance of redispersion to liposomal suspension. The physicochemical properties of liposome particle including entrapment efficiency, dissolution rate and stability complied with the provisions of Chinese pharmacopoeia. The results show the liposome particle can be used as an solid immediate for hepatic target of drugs.

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