FACTORS AFFECTING THE PETT VISUAL TEST FOR VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

1941 ◽  
Vol 19b (4) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
L. B. Pett ◽  
Marian K. Lipkind
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Visual Test ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Test Room ◽  
The Mean

Under the conditions prescribed for the Pett test, which is described, it has been found that: (i) antecedent light does not affect the median of the three tests usually performed; (ii) no error results from the wearing or not wearing of glasses; (ii) the use of pilocarpine to contract the pupils is not advisable; (iv) some light may be admitted into the test room; (v) the time of exposure to the bright light (30 sec.) is suitable; (vi) repeated tests cause a 'learning' effect so rarely as to be of little concern; (vii) the standard error of the mean is ±1.4 and of the median is ±2.4 sec. Some results are presented suggesting that a diurnal rhythm in the vitamin A content of the blood exists.

scholarly journals The early changes in retinol-binding protein and prealbumin concentrations in plasma of protein–energy malnourished children after treatment with retinol and an improved diet

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Large ◽  
G. Neal ◽  
J. Glover ◽  
O. Thanangkul ◽  
R. E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

1. Changes in total retinol-binding protein (RBP), the holoprotein (holoRBP) and prealbumin (PA) concentrations have been monitored in plasma of thirty protein- and vitamin A-deficient preschool children from within a few hours up to 7 weeks after treatment with retinol and a good-quality protein diet.2. The children were classified into groups according to nutritional status as having either kwashiorkor, marasmus-kwashiorkor or marasmus, and given formula diets whose protein and energy contents increased stepwise from 1 g and 105 kJ/kg body-weight respectively up to 4 g and 733 kJ/kg body-weight after 4 weeks. Retinol was administered in the forms of retinyl palmitate either orally or intramuscularly.3. PA and total RBP were determined by electroimmunoassay procedures and the holoRBP by its fluorescence after separation from other plasma proteins.4. RBP in plasma of the vitamin A-deficient child is largely denatured and incapable of binding administered retinol, which must first be taken up by the liver before native holoRBP is released. An increased pool of native apoprotein accumulates in the liver during vitamin A deficiency which is released into plasma quickly after retinol uptake to form peak concentrations of total and holoRBP approximately 3 h after dosing intramuscularly and 6 h orally.5. The accumulated pool of RBP was highest in livers from the marasmus group and lowest in those from the kwashiorkor group, reflecting their relative capacities to synthesize plasma proteins.6. The mean plasma concentrations of total and holoRBP for the various groups were minimal 24–48 h after dosing with retinol and then improved almost linearly over the following week.7. Mean plasma PA concentrations of the various groups on admission were also in order of the severity of their malnutrition. There was little or no change in this protein concentration over the first 24 h after dosing with retinol, but thereafter the mean values rose almost linearly over 2 weeks. Albumin on the other hand changed little during the first week. The results show that PA is the more sensitive measurement of protein nutritional status.

scholarly journals A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Prophylaxis among Mothers of Under Five Children at Selected village at Tamilnadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Roslin Mangaiyarkarasi. M. ◽  
Kumudhavalli. D ◽  
R. Karthi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Teaching Programme ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Structured Teaching ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Aim: to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding vitamin A deficiency and its prophylaxis among mothers of under five children. Objectives: (1). To assess the knowledge and attitude among mothers of under five children on vitamin A deficiency and its Prophylaxis. (2). To find the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme in terms of gaining knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding Vitamin A deficiency and its prophylaxis for under five children. (3). To find association between the pre test level of knowledge and attitude among mothers of under five children with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: A pre experimental research design was adopted for the study. 50 samples were selected by using non probability convenience sampling technique. The pre and post test level knowledge and attitude was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaires and attitude scale respectively. Results: The pre test mean was 7.76 with the standard deviation of 2.17 and the post test mean was 16.68 with the standard deviation of 1.81. The mean difference of pre and post test is 8.92; standard error is 0.281. The ‘T’ value is 31.74 is Highly Significant at p<0.05.The pre test mean was 8.98 with the standard deviation of 3.47 and the post test mean was 24.56 with the standard deviation of 3.45. The mean difference of pre and post test is 15.58; standard error is 0.43. The ‘T’ value is 36.23 is Highly Significant p<0.05. Hence it indicates the knowledge and attitude level of mothers are improved after structured teaching programme. Conclusion: The study concluded that structured teaching programme was effective and improved knowledge and attitude regarding vitamin A deficiency and its prophylaxis among mothers of under five children. Keywords: structured teaching programme, Vitamin A, Prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Objective clinical examination of poultry as illustrated by the comparison of chickens with different vitamin A status

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Beynenl ◽  
S. R. Sijtsma ◽  
A. K. Kiepurski ◽  
C. E. West ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fluid Content ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bone Deformities

One day old pullets derived from marginally vitamin A deficient laying hens were fed diets containing either adequate or marginal amounts of vitamin A. At the age of 34 days, animals fed the diet low in vitamin A had group mean plasma concentrations of retinol which were one tenth the mean plasma concentrations of controls. When compared with their controls, the deficient animals displayed body weights which were on average 16% less. Of 20 pullets per dietary group one control animal and 9 deficient animals died by the age of 34 days. At the age of 29 days, control ( n=16) and deficient chickens ( n=11) were examined clinically by assigning scores to a number of parameters. Three assessors carried out the examination independently. The birds were presented for examination at random and their treatment groups were not disclosed to the assessors. Out of 26 parameters assessed quantitatively per individual animal, only three parameters discriminated between control and deficient chickens. Deficient animals grew poorly, had a hunched up posture and increased fluid content in faeces. Classical signs of chronic vitamin A deficiency in domestic fowl such as bone deformities, keratinization of the tongue and decreased transparency of the cornea were not observed.

scholarly journals A Rapid Visual Test for Vitamin A Deficiency

Nature ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 143 (3616) ◽  
pp. 285-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. DITCHBURN
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Visual Test

scholarly journals Analysis for policy to overcome barriers to reducing the prevalence of vitamin a deficiency among children (15–23 months) in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Golnaz Rajaeieh ◽  
Amirhossein Takian ◽  
Naser Kalantari ◽  
Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Governance Infrastructure

Abstract Background About 30% of children < 5 years old are estimated to experience vitamin A deficiency worldwide. Globally, vitamin A deficiency can be reduced by five major interventions: supplementation, dietary modification, fortification, promotion of both public health, and breastfeeding. This prospective policy analysis (Prospective policy analysis focuses on the future outcomes of a proposed policy. Adapted from Patton, CV, and Sawicki DS. Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey,1993). (Patton A, Carl V, and David S. Basic methods of policy analysis and planning, prentice-hall, 3th ed. 2012) aimed to identify evidence-based policy options to minimize prevalence (VAD) among 15–23 months-children in Iran. Methods Thirty-eight semi-structured face-to-face interviews were held with experts at high, middle, and low managerial levels in Iran’s health system, as well as at Schools of Nutrition Sciences and dietetics, using purposive and snowball sampling. All interviews were recorded by a digital voice recorder and then transcribed, codified, and eventually analyzed using a mixed approach (inductive-deductive) by MAXQDA software version 10. Results Most policies related to VAD reduction in this age group are supplementation, expansion of education, and awareness. Three main factors affecting VAD reduction policies emerged from the analysis: basic factors (governance, infrastructure, and organization), underlying factors (social factors, economy), and immediate factors (services). Due to its cross-sectoral nature, evaluating the results of the implementation of this policy requires strong and coherent inter-sectoral cooperation. The existing primary healthcare network (PHC) is a crucial means for successful implementation of policies to address VAD in Iran. Conclusions In addition to supplementation and assistance in this age group, other policies should be also planned to reduce VAD in various regions. In addition to the Ministry of Health & Medical Education (MoHME), other actors need to be involved, we advocate, throughout the entire policymaking process of policy-making to reduce VAD in Iran.

scholarly journals Economic impact of dry eye disease in Spain: A multicentre retrospective insurance claims database analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212090731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Darbà ◽  
Meritxell Ascanio
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Insurance Claims ◽  
Claims Database ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sjögren’S Disease

Purpose: To analyse the occurrence and cost of dry eye disease in Spain in the recent years. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis based on anonymised data from an insurance claims database that includes data from 1997 to 2015 from public and private hospitals and healthcare centres; 36,081 patients were eligible for the study after duplicate elimination. Five ICD9 codes associated with dry eye were used for patient selection, including vitamin A deficiency with xerophthalmic scars of cornea, xerophthalmia due to vitamin A deficiency, keratoconjunctivitis sicca not specified as Sjögren’s, dry eye syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca Sjögren’s disease. Results: Over 88% of the patients were female, and the mean age was 66 years. Patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca Sjögren’s disease represented more than 89% of all patients and had the highest percentage of women. Both the annual number of patients and the number of admissions have increased exponentially since 1997 raising from 1079 to 3097 and from 1344 to 5938, respectively. The in-hospital length of stay was 9.6 (standard deviation = 11.6) days where more than 65% of the admissions were due to emergencies. Total costs were found to increase from €4.9 to €30.3 million during the study period; in parallel, there was an increase in the mean annual cost per patient, which was on average €7379. Conclusion: Disease incidence is likely to increase due to the influence of modern-day workplace, and it is important to take into account the high economic burden and the large decrease in quality of life in regards to Spanish society and health policies.

Measured Distributions of Control Delay on Signalized Arterials

2003 ◽  
Vol 1852 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Colyar ◽  
Nagui M. Rouphail
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Signal Timing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Control Delay ◽  
Signal Coordination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

The Highway Capacity Manual and other traffic operations manuals give no guidance on the magnitude and factors affecting variability in control delay. However, knowing the variability in control delay has several useful applications, such as providing a more complete and statistically significant comparison of different signal timing or roadway geometric improvements. The objective of this research is to provide an exploratory analysis of the variability in signalized control delay using real-world measurements on an arterial corridor in Cary, North Carolina. Data were collected with a portable, onboard emissions and engine diagnostics measurement device, from which second-by-second speed data were recorded. A new method for estimating intersection control delay from second-by-second speed data is presented that attempts to take into account over-capacity conditions and closely spaced intersections. The data collection focused on recording a similar number of runs on a corridor before and after signal coordination was implemented. The results show that the distribution of control delay generally has a single, large peak at low delays, when the mean control delay was in the level-of-service A–B range, whereas the distribution becomes increasingly bimodal (two distinct peaks) as the mean control delay increases. Another finding is that there is a direct relationship between mean control delay and standard error of control delay, but there is still variability in the standard error that cannot be explained solely by the mean value. Finally, differences in the before and after runs showed that a real-world signal timing improvement can reduce both the mean and the standard error of control delay as well as alter the shape of the delay distribution.

scholarly journals A Rapid Visual Test for Vitamin A Deficiency

Nature ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 143 (3610) ◽  
pp. 23-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. PETT
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Visual Test

scholarly journals Zinc and Vitamin a Deficiency Predisposes to the Need for Intubation and Icu Admission in Patients With COVID-19. An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bielsa Berrocal ◽  
Teresa Tomasa Irriguible ◽  
Viridiana Philibert ◽  
Cristina Tural Llàcher ◽  
Jaume Barallat Martínez de Osaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Orotracheal Intubation ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Abstract Objective: To analyse whether the micronutrient deficit predicts a worse prognosis in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 who developed the COVID-19 disease.Methods: We carried out an observational and retrospective study with 120 patients admitted for COVID-19 in the ICU and in the Internal Medicine ward of a tertiary hospital. In the nutritional admission analysis of these patients, we analysed plasmatic levels of vitamins A, B6, C, D, E and zinc. In addition, different variables of interest were collected, such as the need for orotracheal intubation, hospital stay, mortality and multi-organ failure.Results: One hundred and twenty patients were included. The independent variables associated with the need for ICU admission were low levels of zinc (standard error 0.566, 95% CI 0.086 to 0.790, p = 0.017), low levels of vitamin A (standard error 0.582, 95% CI 0.061 to 0.594, p = 0.004), age over 65 (standard error 0.018, 95% CI 0.917 to 0.985, p = 0.005) and male gender (standard error 0.458, 95% CI 1.004 to 6.040, p = 0.049). The only variable that was independently associated with the need for orotracheal intubation was vitamin A deficiency (standard error 0.58, 95% CI 0.042 to 0.405, p = 0.000).Conclusions: Low levels of vitamin A and zinc are associated with a greater need for admission to the ICU and orotracheal intubation. Patients older than 65 years had higher mortality. Randomized clinical trials are needed to examine whether micronutrient supplementation could be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment in COVID-19.

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