A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN NORTH AMERICAN FOREST-TREE GENERA

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (12) ◽  
pp. 411-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Tabular Form

Over 400 hybrids involving 28 North American genera of forest trees are described in tabular form with the object, primarily, of providing useful information for the forest-tree breeder. The genera involved are: Abies, Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Arbutus, Betula, Carya, Castanea, Catalpa, Cyprus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Gleditsia, Ilex, Juglans, Larix, Magnolia, Picea, Pinus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Taxus, Tilia, Tsuga, and Ulmus.

Greenhouse gas fluxes from an oil palm plantation on mineral soil in Indonesia undergoing riparian restoration 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella White ◽  
Ribka Sionita Tarigan ◽  
Anak Agung Ketut Aryawan ◽  
Edgar Turner ◽  
Sarah Luke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Riparian Restoration ◽  
Enrichment Planting ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

<p>Oil palm (OP) growers are under pressure to reduce their environmental impact. Ecosystem function and biodiversity are at the forefront of the issue, but what effect do changes in management practices have on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from plantations? </p><p>The Riparian Ecosystem Restoration in Tropical Agriculture (RERTA) Project is a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and the SMART Research Institute in Riau, Indonesia. This project explores the ecological changes resulting from the restoration of riparian margins between plantations and watercourses. Four management strategies were applied on both sides of a river to create 50m riparian buffers, 400m in length: (1) A control treatment of no restoration, the removal of mature OP and replanting of young OP to the river margin; (2) Little to no agricultural management of mature OP; (3) Clearance of mature OP and enrichment planting with native forest trees; (4) Little or no agricultural management of mature OP and enrichment planting with native forest trees. Here we present a specific objective to investigate the effect of riparian restoration – and related changes in soil characteristics, structure and vegetation cover – on fluxes of N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> from mineral soils.</p><p>The experimental site began as a mature OP plantation, with monthly background measurements taken between January and April 2019. Palms were felled in April 2019 and monthly sampling was resumed when replanting and restoration began, in October 2019. We measured GHGs using static chambers; 6 in each riparian treatment and 16 in the actual OP plantation, 40 chambers in total. Samples were analysed using GC-FID/µECD.</p><p>Background measurements before felling showed high variability, but indicated no difference between the four experimental plots and the rest of the plantation. Fluxes measured following replanting were also highly variable, with no significant differences observed between treatments. N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes were relatively low before felling as the mature palms were no longer fertilised. Higher emissions were seen in the disturbed immature OP and forest tree treatments following replanting. Though the sites appeared to recover quickly and emission fluxes decreased after a few months, presumably as the soil settled and new vegetation began to grow. CH<sub>4</sub> uptake was seen in the immature OP treatment immediately after replanting. In subsequent months no clear trends of CH<sub>4</sub> uptake or emission were observed, with the greatest variability generally seen in the forest tree treatment. CH<sub>4</sub> emissions increased in October 2020 with the beginning of the rainy season, most notably in mature OP and mature OP with forest tree treatments. Following restoration CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were higher in treatments with established plant communities – mature OP and mature OP with forest trees.</p><p>These results suggest that riparian restoration had no significant effect on GHG fluxes from mineral soils, and would not alter the overall GHG budget of a plantation. If there is no additional GHG burden and riparian restoration results in enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services as well as improving water quality, it will be a viable management option to improve the environmental impact of an OP plantation.</p>

scholarly journals Advances and Perspectives of Transgenic Technology and Biotechnological Application in Forest Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Yin ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Dandan Xiao ◽  
Yanting Liang ◽  
Yanwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Transgenic Technology ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gm Trees

Transgenic technology is increasingly used in forest-tree breeding to overcome the disadvantages of traditional breeding methods, such as a long breeding cycle, complex cultivation environment, and complicated procedures. By introducing exogenous DNA, genes tightly related or contributed to ideal traits—including insect, disease, and herbicide resistance—were transferred into diverse forest trees, and genetically modified (GM) trees including poplars were cultivated. It is beneficial to develop new varieties of GM trees of high quality and promote the genetic improvement of forests. However, the low transformation efficiency has hampered the cultivation of GM trees and the identification of the molecular genetic mechanism in forest trees compared to annual herbaceous plants such as Oryza sativa. In this study, we reviewed advances in transgenic technology of forest trees, including the principles, advantages and disadvantages of diverse genetic transformation methods, and their application for trait improvement. The review provides insight into the establishment and improvement of genetic transformation systems for forest tree species. Challenges and perspectives pertaining to the genetic transformation of forest trees are also discussed.

Taxonomic resolution of the North American invasive species of the genus Bythotrephes Leydig, 1860 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Cercopagididae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4691 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKOLAI M. KOROVCHINSKY1 ◽  
SHELLEY E. ARNOTT
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
North American ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
The North

The invasive species of the genus Bythotrephes introduced in the North American lakes in 1970s-early 1980s was named variously either B. cederstroemi or B. longimanus. The investigation of individuals of the genus from 15 Canadian lakes has allowed us to identify all of them as B. cederströmii Schödler, based on the detailed taxonomic redescription of the Eurasian representatives of the species. The available documented data (figures and photographs) on Bythotrephes from other North American lakes, made it possible to recognize their identity with this species as well. The possible introduction of interspecific hybrids of the genus Bythotrephes in the North American lakes has not been confirmed. 

Population structure of Heterobasidion annosum from North America and Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1064-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Otrosina ◽  
Thomas E. Chase ◽  
Fields W. Cobb Jr. ◽  
Kari Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
The North ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Intersterility Groups ◽  
European Populations

Isolates of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. representing North American S and P and European S, P, and F intersterility groups were subjected to isozyme analysis. European S, P, and F groups had more variability than the North American S and P groups in expected hterozygosity, number of alleles per locus, and percent polymorphic loci. In contrast with the North American S and P groups, the European intersterility groups could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of individual isozyme loci, although significant differences in allele frequencies exist between European S and P groups. This suggests that evolution proceeded at different rates in the intersterility groups, or intersterility barriers appeared later in the European populations relative to the North American populations of H. annosum. Changes in climate and host species associations during the Tertiary may have been a major factor in evolution of H. annosum intersterility groups. Key words: allozymes, forest tree hosts, playnological events, evolutionary relationships, Hymenomycetes, root disease.

Cytological studies of Antipodean Teleogryllus species and their hybrids (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Choo Lim ◽  
V. R. Vickery ◽  
D. K. McE. Kevan
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Teleogryllus Commodus ◽  
Polyploid Cells ◽  
Black Field ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Intraspecific Hybrids

Testes from nymphs of the last three instars of 10 populations of Australasian "black" field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus and T. oceanicus, and some of their hybrids, were examined to determine the number and morphology of their chromosomes. All populations gave counts of 2n = 27 in the male. The karyotypes of different populations and the hybrids are presented in tabular form with illustrations and idiograms. Some anomalies in chromosome numbers and structure were found, notably the occurrence of polyploid cells in the hybrids of T. commodus populations and in the interspecific hybrids.Chromosomal polymorphism was found to be common, except in some non-continental populations. Lampbrush-like chromosomes were found in metaphase 1 of interspecific hybrids and in the intraspecific hybrids of T. oceanicus. Achromatic gaps occur in T. oceanicus and in a population of T. commodus from Victoria, Australia.

scholarly journals Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Tree Biotechnology

Abstract Woody plants have been cultured in vitro since the 1930s. After that time much progress has been made in the culture of tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts in tree species. Tree biotechnology has been making strides in clonal propagation by organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. These regeneration studies have paved the way for gene transfer in forest trees. Transgenics from a number of forest tree species carrying a variety of recombinant genes that code for herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, lignin modification, increased woody bio-mass, and flowering control have been produced by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods, and some of them are undergoing confined field trials. Although relatively stable transgenic clones have been produced by genetic transformation in trees using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, there were also unintended unstable genetic events. In order to overcome the problems of randomness of transgene integration and instability reported in Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistically transformed plants, site-specific transgene insertion strategies involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) platform offer prospects for precise genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor phenotypic and genetic stability of clonal material, not just under greenhouse conditions, but also under natural field conditions. Genetically modified poplars have been commercialized in China, and eucalypts and loblolly pine are expected to be released for commercial deployment in USA. Clonal forestry and transgenic forestry have to cope with rapid global climate changes in the future. Climate change is impacting species distributions and is a significant threat to biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to deploy Strategies that will assist the survival and evolution of forest tree species facing rapid climate change. Assisted migration (managed relocation) and biotechnological approaches offer prospects for adaptation of forest trees to climate change.

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