NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: I. NITROGEN ABSORPTION OF HAY CROPS AND SUCCEEDING WHEAT CROPS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (7) ◽  
pp. 212-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Newton ◽  
R. S. Young ◽  
J. G. Malloch
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

The mean annual nitrogen absorption (lb./acre) of hay crops (excluding roots and stubble) was: alfalfa, 94.9; timothy, 39.5; western rye, 62.9; brome, 61.1. For entire hay plants to plow depth, based on sods one and three years old, the corresponding figures were: 241.8, 152.2, 137.8, 154.2. For entire wheat plants following one-, three-, and five-year-old sods of these hay crops for six, four, and two successive years, respectively, the mean values were: 63.4, 58.6, 56.3, 51.9. These figures are taken to indicate roughly the relative rates of soil nitrification under and after the crops in question, except under alfalfa, a legume.The roots and stubble of the hay plants contained about 71% of the dry matter and 68% of the nitrogen of these plants, whereas the wheat roots and stubble contained only 19% of the dry matter and 9% of the nitrogen of these plants.Preceding crops and seasonal conditions, especially the latter, affected the protein content and hardness of the wheat grain. Protein content of grain was generally, though not invariably, in the same relative order as indicated rates of soil nitrification after the four hay crops. Protein content was related quantitatively to hardness of grain and to loaf volume of bread, but there was no evidence of qualitative differences in the protein following the various hay crops.

scholarly journals Pyramiding of Genes for Grain Protein Content, Grain Quality and Rust Resistance in Eleven Indian Bread Wheat Cultivars: A Multi-Institutional Effort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpendra K. Gupta ◽  
Harindra S. Balyan ◽  
Parveen Chhuneja ◽  
Jai P. Jaiswal ◽  
Shubhada Tamhankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Hmw Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Hmw Glutenin

Abstract Improvement of grain protein content (GPC), loaf volume and resistance to rusts was achieved in 11 Indian wheat cultivars that are widely grown in four different agro-climatic zones of India. This involved use of marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) for introgression and pyramiding of the following genes: (i) the high GPC gene Gpc-B1; (ii) HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci, and (iii) rust resistance genes, Yr36, Yr15, Lr24 and Sr24. GPC was improved by 0.8–3.3%, although high GPC was generally associated with yield penalty. Further selection among high GPC lines, allowed development of progenies with higher GPC associated with improvement in 1000-grain weight and grain yield in the following four cultivars: NI5439, UP2338, UP2382 and HUW468. The high GPC progenies (derived from NI5439) were also improved for grain quality using HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci. Similarly, progenies combining high GPC and rust resistance were developed in the backgrounds of following five cultivars: Lok1, HD2967, PBW550, PBW621 and DBW1. The improved pre-bred lines developed during the present study should prove useful for development of cultivars with improved nutritional quality associated with rust resistance in future wheat breeding programmes.

Survey of farm management practices of the northern wheat belt of New South Wales

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Martin ◽  
MG McMillan ◽  
JB Cook
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fertiliser Use

A survey of management practices on wheat farms in northern New South Wales was carried out on 50 farms between 1983 and 1985 and was supplemented by a questionnaire mailed to 750 growers in 1985. Information was collected on crop rotation, tillage practice, fertiliser use and weed control practices. Data were collected from 1 paddock on each farm and included: wheat grain yield and quality, available soil water and nutrients at sowing, wild oat density, and incidence of soil-borne diseases. The 3-year average grain yield in survey paddocks was 2.2 t/ha. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting grain yield and protein in 1985. Of the variation in wheat grain yield, 74% was explained by variation in available soil water at sowing, available soil nitrate at sowing, sowing date and wild oat density. Grain protein content declined with increasing available soil water and phosphate at sowing and with earlier sowing, but increased with available nitrate at sowing. Agronomic practices aimed at maximising wheat grain yield, in the presence of a deficiency ofavailable soil nitrate, are likely to result in a reduction of grain protein content. Likewise, responses to application of nitrogenous fertiliser are likely to be inversely related to available soil water at sowing. The mean gross margin for 1984 and 1985, based on $100/t of wheat grain, was $128. The mean gross margin for the least profitable 20% of paddocks was $37, and $253 for the top 20%. New varieties of wheat and herbicides were readily adopted by farmers. On the other hand, adoption of nitrogenous fertiliser use was slow, considering the widespread and long-standing deficiencies of nitrogen in cropping soils of the region. Crop rotation and tillage practices have changed only marginally since the late 1940s. The results of this survey indicate that the usefulness of soil testing for predicting fertiliser requirements could be improved by taking into account levels of available soil water, weed competition and sowing date and by using multiple regression analysis.

END-USE QUALITY OF MONTANA-GROWN HARD RED SPRING COMPARED TO HARD RED WINTER WHEATS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES F. McGUIRE ◽  
LARRY G. BLACKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Hard Red Winter Wheat ◽  
End Use ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) grading standards for wheat places hard red spring and hard red winter (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) wheat into separate classes. One important criterion for this designation is kernel type. Because of genotypes being released by plant breeders in recent years, distinction between these two classes is difficult for grain graders. As a consequence some people in the grain industry favor placing both of these wheat types into one class. One hazard of this action is that end use properties of these two wheats, according to some industrial firms, is class dependent. We studied quality characteristics of five hard red spring and seven hard red winter wheat cultivars grown at the same three Montana locations in 5 different years to evaluate this concept. Analysis of variance indicated quality differences between classes for all traits except flour yields, which were similar for the two classes. Flour ash content, farinograph absorption, peak time, stability time, valorimeter, grain protein content, bake absorption, mix time, and loaf volume were all significantly higher for spring than winter wheats. These values were still higher for spring than winter wheats except for test weight when wheat protein content was the co-variate. Both statistical treatments show that hard red spring wheat flour has higher water absorption percent, longer dough mixing requirements, longer dough stability times, and higher loaf volumes than hard red winter wheat flour.Key words: Bread wheat quality, loaf volume, grain protein content, protein quality

Statistical research on the digestibility in the cow. II. Nitrogen and ether extract

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paquay ◽  
R. de Baere ◽  
A. Lousse
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Hyperbolic Relation ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe results obtained for nitrogen and ether extract digestibility with 116 different rations fed to 242 non-pregnant dry cows and 96 lactating cows were studied.A hyperbolic relation exists between nitrogen digestibility (Y) and crude protein content (X), with the equation:Y = 88·6–(301/X)(r = – 0·928**, RSD = 4·78).Digestible protein content ( Y) is linearly related to crude protein content(X):Y = 0·90X-3·10 (r = 0·982**, RSD = 0·823).From dry-matter intake and crude protein content it is possible to estimate accurately the amount of digestible nitrogen. With all the experimental rations the mean metabolic faecal nitrogen was 496 mg/100 g of ingested dry matter, and the true nitrogen digestibility was conspicuously constant up to 90%.Digestibility of ether extract depends on the nature of the feeds. When the concentrate percentage of the ration is high, the digestibility of ether extract obeys the same laws as that of nitrogen.

Effects of fertilizer N and number of years in tillage on the protein and non-protein content of feeding barley grain (cv. Nessa) and on N uptake and recovery

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Gately ◽  
D. M. McAleese
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe effects of six amounts (0, 17, 34, 51, 68, 85 kg N/ha) of fertilizer N, applied at sowing time, on the crude protein (N × 6·25) content of barley grain sown as the first, second and fourth or later tillage crop after grazed pasture were studied over three seasons at a total of 126 sites. In addition, non-protein N in the grain was measured at 24 sites.The overall crude protein content was 11·3% without N, increasing to 13·4% with 85 kg N/ha. The first increment of 17 kg N/ha gave the least increase in grain protein content. The year which gave the largest yields gave the lowest grain protein contents and vice versa. The mean grain protein contents without N for 1971–3 inclusive were 10·8, 11·5 and 11·8% respectively.The mean grain protein contents without N when barley was sown as the first, second and fourth or later tillage crop after pasture were 12·6, 11·5 and 10·0% respectively; the corresponding values with 85 kg N/ha were 14·4, 13·9 and 11·8%. There was a positive relationship between grain protein content and lodging, especially in barley sown as the first tillage crop after pasture, where lodging was most severe.Non-protein N was low and only accounted for 5–8% of the total grain N content. The mean grain. N uptake with no fertilizer N applied was 82, 70 and 49 kg/ha in barley sown as the first, second and fourth or later tillage crop respectively. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N was largest in fourth or later barley.

scholarly journals Linkage and Association Mapping Identifies Loci and Develops Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR Markers for Improving Wheat Grain Protein Content

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Jiang ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
Yi He ◽  
Chang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Allele Specific Pcr

Abstract Wheat grain protein content (GPC) is an important quality indicator. The GPC of wheat grown in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is often low. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an effective tool for improving quantitative traits; however, except Gpc-B1, most markers have not been effectively applied in GPC improvement, although many related loci have been identified. Linkage analysis using a recombinant inbred line population from the cross of core parents of Ningmai 9 and Yangmai 158 and association mapping using the local cultivated varieties were performed and nine candidate intervals were identified. The appropriate kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers associated with GPC were successfully developed and applied in 1163 F4 breeding lines. Three markers, Kgpc-2B, Kgpc-2D, and Kgpc-4A, were validated to be significantly related to GPC by large-scale association mapping, and they were combined to achieve the highest efficiency to enhance GPC. We applied these markers in 164 F6 breeding lines and obtained 15 lines with high GPC, indicating their high selective efficiency. Further, strategies for gene exploration in the three significant intervals were proposed. These results were expected to provide a novel route for improving GPC in wheat quality breeding.

Dry matter partitioning, yield and grain protein content of fine aromatic boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan50) in response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Newton Chandra Paul ◽  
Swapan Kumar Paul ◽  
Md Abdus Salam ◽  
Shabuj Chandra Paul
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Promising Practice ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Boro Rice

An experiment was conducted to study dry matter partitioning, yield and grain protein content of fine aromatic Boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan50) in response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization. The experiment consisted of four levels of nitrogen viz., 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and four levels of potassium viz., 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha. The results revealed that at growth stage, the highest total dry matter partitioning and accumulation were obtained from 150 kg N/ha along with 90 kg K/ha at physiological maturity stage. At harvest, the highest number of tillers/hill (8.58), number of grains/panicle (113.9), grain yield (5.15 t/ha) and grain protein content (8.30%) were obtained from 100 kg N/ha along with 90 kg K/ha. Total dry matter partitioning and accumulation were greatly influenced by the application of 150 kg N/ha along with 90 kg K/ha. Application of 100 kg N/ha along with 90 kg K/ha interaction appeared as the promising practice in fine aromatic rice (cv. BRRI dhan50) cultivation in terms of yield and grain protein content.

Prediction method of single wheat grain protein content based on hyperspectral image

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (s1) ◽  
pp. 123002
Author(s):  
吴静珠 Wu Jingzhu ◽  
刘 倩 Liu Qian ◽  
陈 岩 Chen Yan ◽  
刘翠玲 Liu Cuiling
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Grain

Studies on cannulation method and alternative indigestible markers and the effects of food enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets on ileal and overall apparent digestibility in growing pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Yin ◽  
J. D. G. McEvoy ◽  
H. Schulze ◽  
K. J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
The Mean

AbstractTwo different cannulation procedures (simple ileal ‘T’ cannula v. The post valve ‘T’ caecal cannula (PVTC)) and two indigestible markers (TiO2 v. Cr2O3) were studied with six male littermate pigs fitted with PVTC or simple ileal ‘T’ cannulae. Six diets were used, of which two were based on wheat and wheat bran and the other four were based on two barleys of different bushel weight without and with exogenous enzymes (ß-glucanase/xylanase). Proportional TiO2 and Cr2O3 recoveries in faeces were less than 1·00, the mean values for the six diets being 0·858 for TiO2 and 0·811 for Cr2O3. With both markers, recovery in faeces was lowest for the most digestible wheat-based diet (A). The ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy and amino acids measured with Cr2O3 were significantly (P < 0·001) lower than those measured with TiO2. There was no difference in overall apparent digestibility of DM, CP and energy measured with simple ileal ‘T’ cannula and PVTC techniques. However, IAD of DM, energy and CP measured with the PVTC method were significantly higher than those measured with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method. The data also showed that the standard errors with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method were greater than when using the PVTC method. Diet significantly affected ileal and overall digestibility of nutrients (P < 0·001) with values being highest for diet A and least for the wheat bran-based diet (B). Overall digestibility (OD) of DM and energy were higher for the higher bushel weight barley-based diet (C) than for the normal bushel weight barley-based diet (E). Enzyme inclusion improved OD for both barley diets and ileal digestibility of energy (0·060) and CP (0·057) for the normal bushel weight barley.

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