CHEMICAL WEED-KILLERS: IV. RELATIVE TOXICITIES AND LOCI OF ABSORPTION OF SELECTED CHEMICALS APPLIED TO PERENNIALS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (10) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Permanent Reduction ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Lethal Dosage

Twelve chemicals previously found to be highly toxic to annual weeds were applied to a perennial weed in three different ways, viz., to the foliage only, to the soil only, and to both the soil and foliage. The chlorate ion was found to be most toxic, but sodium selenite, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium dichromate, and sodium arsenite were all reasonably effective at higher dosages. None of the other chemicals caused any significant, permanent reduction in growth at the dosages used. The permanent effect of a treatment appears to be due almost entirely to the action of the chemical in the soil, and the ineffectiveness of certain chemicals can be attributed to their rapid detoxication by the soil. Although all the chemicals exert a temporary, and in some cases, a slight permanent effect, when applied to the foliage only, this method of application is generally ineffective owing to the inability of the leaves and stems to retain or absorb a lethal dosage.

CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: III. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SEVERAL CHEMICALS TO PERENNIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (9) ◽  
pp. 442-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
J. M. Manson ◽  
T. K. Pavlychenko ◽  
P. Garrow
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Lethal Dosage

Of 15 chemicals applied to perennial weeds over the same range of dosages, only five appear to possess a useful toxicity as judged by the number of living plants 12 months after treatment. The effective chemicals can be classified into three groups according to their toxicity, (i) sodium chlorate; (ii) barium chlorate and arsenic pentoxide; and (iii) ammonium thiocyanate and sodium arsenite. The relative toxicity of these three groups of chemicals, judged from the certainly lethal dosage, appears to fall in the proportions of 1:1.5:> 2.

scholarly journals A Note on Fatty Acids Profile of Meat from Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Inorganic or Organic Selenium

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta del Puerto ◽  
M. Cristina Cabrera ◽  
Ali Saadoun
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Health Promoting

This investigation evaluated, in broiler chickensPectoralisandGastrocnemiusmuscles, the effect of the dietary supplementation with sodium selenite (0.3 ppm) versus selenomethionine (0.3 ppm), on the fatty acids composition, lipids indices, and enzymes indexes for desaturase, elongase, and thioesterase. The selenium reduced, in both muscles, the content of atherogenic fatty acids, C14:0 and C16:0, while it increased the C18:1 level. On the other hand, selenium increased, in both muscles, the content of C18:3n3 and EPA, but not DPA and DHA. No selenium effect was detected for PUFA/SFA, n-6, n-3, n-6/n-3, and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. As for the enzyme indexes, a selenium effect is only detected for thioesterase. Taken together, the results highlight the potential effect of dietary selenium, mainly selenomethionine, in the modulation of the composition of fatty acids in chicken meat, in particular, reducing the content of atherogenic fatty acids and increasing the health promoting n-3 PUFA.

CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: I. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS TO FOUR ANNUAL WEEDS

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (7) ◽  
pp. 299-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Copper Nitrate ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Sodium Bichromate ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Annual Weeds

Toxicity tests on four annual weeds, Thlaspi arvense L.; Brassica arvensis L. Ktze.; Chenopodium album L.; and Avena fatua L.; showed no definite evidence of a specific susceptibility of a given species to a given substance. The relative resistance of these four weeds to most substances, judging from the certainly lethal dose, was in the order 1:1:2:7. Of the 76 chemicals tested, the following most toxic compounds killed all four species at the dosages employed; selenic and chloric acids, sodium hydroxide, arsenic pentoxide, sodium arsenite, sodium and ammonium chlorate, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium cyanide, zinc chloride, sodium bichromate, sodium selenite, copper nitrate, sodium sulphide, formic acid, gasoline, phenol, creosote, tetralin, sodium benzoate, aniline, benzene and furfural. The residual toxic effect on the soil, three to four weeks after treatment, showed that of the 35 more toxic chemicals tested, only selenic acid and the five chlorates used had any appreciable effect at low and intermediate dosages, while eleven other substances depressed growth following the application of high dosages.

scholarly journals Effects of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on the Development of Morphine Dependency in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
Bohloul Habibi-Asl ◽  
Alireza Parvizpur ◽  
Kiarash Fekri ◽  
Hadis Jahanpanah ◽  
Hadis Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Essential Trace Element ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Almond Oil ◽  
Biochemical Pathways

Background: Antioxidant drugs may be useful in preventing morphine-induced dependency bysuppressing oxidative stress. Vitamin E which has many essential roles in the body is a powerfulantioxidant. On the other hand, selenium is an essential trace element that plays a strong rolein various biochemical pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodiumselenite and vitamin E on morphine-induced dependency in mice. Methods: Ninety male mice, weighing 20 to 30 g, were randomly divided into 10 groups and weretreated as follows: a) saline and b) morphine groups were pretreated (for 2 days) with normalsaline (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) then daily doses of normal saline (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) and morphine(50 mg.kg-1.day-1) were added to the injections for the following 4 days, respectively. c, d, e)sodium selenite, f, g, h) vitamin E, i) vitamin E solvent (almond oil) and j) co-administrationgroups were pretreated (for 2 days) with sodium selenite (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg.kg-1.day-1, ip), vitaminE (20, 40, 60 IU.kg-1.day-1, ip), vitamin E solvent (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) and combination of thedrugs respectively, then morphine doses (50 mg.kg-1.day-1, ip) were added to the injections forthe following 4 days. Withdrawal symptoms were evaluated after injecting naloxone (4 mg/kg/day). Biochemical evaluations were also performed. Results: The results showed that co-administration of sodium selenite and vitamin E (at lowdoses) significantly reduced morphine dependency (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The synergistic effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E can be a suitable andefficient approach to reduce dependency.

scholarly journals The use of isoxazoline and isoxazole scaffolding in the design of novel thiourea and amide liquid-crystalline compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itamar L Gonçalves ◽  
Rafaela R da Rosa ◽  
Vera L Eifler-Lima ◽  
Aloir A Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amide Derivatives ◽  
Crystal Properties ◽  
Benzoyl Chlorides ◽  
Membered Heterocycle

A series of novel thiourea and amide liquid crystals containing 5-membered isoxazoline and isoxazole rings were synthetized and the liquid crystal properties studied. Thioureas were obtained using a condensation reaction of benzoyl chlorides, arylamines and ammonium thiocyanate. The amides, on the other hand, were the byproduct of a quantitative reaction which used potassium cyanate as the starting material. Thiourea and amide derivatives were predominantly SmA mesophase inductors. A nematic mesophase was observed only for thioureas and amides containing an isoxazole ring. Additionaly, the liquid crystal behavior was also dependent on the relative position of nitrogen and oxygen atoms on the 5-membered heterocycle.

scholarly journals Sodium selenite pentahydrate, Na2SeO3·5H2O

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. i77-i78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Mereiter
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Crystal Packing ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Octahedral Coordination ◽  
Mirror Plane ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Trigonal Bipyramidal ◽  
Distorted Trigonal Bipyramidal

In the crystal structure of Na2SeO3·5H2O [disodium selenate(IV) pentahydrate], two Se, two selenite O atoms and one water O atom are located on a mirror plane, and one water O atom is located on a twofold rotation axis. The coordination of one Na+cation is distorted trigonal bipyramidal, formed by three equatorial H2O ligands and two axial selenite O atoms. The other Na+cation has an octahedral coordination by six water molecules. The two independent SeO3groups form almost undistorted trigonal pyramids, with Se—O bond lengths in the range 1.6856 (7)–1.7202 (10) Å and O—Se—O angles in the range 101.98 (3)–103.11 (5)°, and both are μ2-O:O-bonded to a pair of Na+cations. Hydrogen bonds involving all water molecules and selenite O atoms consolidate the crystal packing. Although anhydrous Na2SeO3and Na2TeO3are isotypic, the title compound is surprisingly not isotypic with Na2TeO3·5H2O. In the tellurite hydrate, all Na+cations have an octahedral coordination and the TeO3groups are bonded to Na+onlyviaone of their three O atoms.

Indaziflam Enhances Buckhorn Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Control from Postemergence Herbicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Christopher R. Johnston ◽  
Thomas V. Reed ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Buckhorn plantain is a perennial weed in turfgrass and efficacy of POST herbicides is often inconsistent for control in spring. Indaziflam is a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor used for PRE control of annual weeds in turf and applications have shown to be injurious to established buckhorn plantain. The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) effects of indaziflam application rate and placement on buckhorn plantain injury; (2) effects of tank-mixing indaziflam with POST herbicides for buckhorn plantain control; and (3) physiological effects of indaziflam on absorption and translocation of14C-2,4-D in buckhorn plantain. In greenhouse experiments, indaziflam reduced buckhorn plantain shoot mass 61 to 75% from the nontreated at 4 wk after treatment (WAT) and hierarchical rank of application placements were: foliar + soil ≥ soil ≥ foliar. Differences in biomass reduction from application rates (27.5 and 55 g ai ha−1) were not detected. In field experiments, indaziflam at 55 g ha−1controlled buckhorn plantain 34% at 9 WAT but enhanced the speed of control from all herbicides tested in tank mixtures. Exclusive applications of 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP provided poor control (< 70%) of buckhorn plantain at 9 WAT, but tank mixtures with indaziflam provided 81 and 98% control, respectively. Fluroxypyr and simazine alone controlled buckhorn plantain < 38% but tank mixtures with indaziflam enhanced control more than twice as much from exclusive applications. Tank-mixing indaziflam with metsulfuron did not improve control from metsulfuron alone after 9 wk. Bermudagrass injury was not detected from any treatment. In laboratory experiments,14C-2,4-D absorption and translocation in buckhorn plantain was similar with or without indaziflam tank mixtures at 72 and 168 h after treatment. Overall, indaziflam may improve buckhorn plantain control from POST herbicides by providing additive phytotoxicity in tank mixtures in spring.

scholarly journals Sodium Arsenite Induced Systemic Organ Damage and Changes in Various Blood Parameters in Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rim Sabrina Jahan Sarker ◽  
Nazmul Ahsan ◽  
Anwarul Azim Akhand
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Remediation Process

In this study, we examined the toxic effects of arsenic in vivo taking mice as a model animal. Swiss albino mice with similar weights were divided into two groups. The mice belonging to the first group were used as the control, while the other group was exposed to sodium arsenite (SA) through drinking water. Compared to control, the level of hemoglobin in SA-exposed mice was decreased while the number of neutrophils and monocytes were increased. In addition, SA also induced increase in liver and spleen weight within 8 weeks of exposure. In contrast, the weight of the kidney was found to decrease. These findings in mice model might be useful for better understanding of the toxic effects of arsenic in order to develop effective remediation process against arsenicmediated effects on human health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i2.14576 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(2): 169-172, 2012 (December)

scholarly journals On meaning of adjectives as a cause and consequence of their collocabilities

2011 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Rajna Dragicevic
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Permanent Effect

This paper explores a theoretical point of view that the collocability is determined by the meaning of a lexeme and also represents its consequence. Our main goal is to show that these two factors may contribute with different intensity, and that context may have greater or lesser effect on the meaning of a lexeme. The analysis proves that the context has a lesser effect on more frequent lexemes and does not have a permanent effect on their meaning, but on the other hand, context has a greater effect on infrequent lexemes and has a greater effect on their semantic content. This even applies in a case of a lexeme used separately. Even analysis of two unrelated languages (Serbian and German) shows that the most frequent associations on infrequent adjectives are the nouns frequently used with them, which means that frequently used collocations produce an effect on them even out of context. Furthermore, there are examples in lexicography that infrequent adjectives are defined by collocations peculiar for infrequent lexemes. On the other hand, the most frequent verbal associations of Serbian and German respondents on very frequent adjectives are not the nouns usually found in their collocations, but their antonyms, thus it is possible to conclude that the context has no any effect. The conclusion is that collocability is determined by the meaning of a lexeme and it also represents its consequence, and at the same time the collocation effect on a lexeme is greater if the lexeme is less frequent.

Low Affinity Antibody to Rubella Antigen in Patients After Rubella Infection in Utero

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-814
Author(s):  
Margaret G. Fitzgerald ◽  
Gregory R. Pullen ◽  
Clifford S. Hosking
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
In Utero ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
And Control

As a measure of the affinity of antirubella antibody, the resistance of the antibody to elution was used by increasing concentration of ammonium thiocyanate. The term affinity index has been used to define the molarity of thiocyanate which leads to a reduction of 50% of the initial density. The serum from a group of patients with intrauterine rubella was compared with the serum from a group of deaf children, some of whom could have rubella, and a group of controls with antibody following natural infection. The results show that the affinity index of patients with rubella is significantly lower than that of controls. The other deaf patients span the range of indices of the rubella and control groups suggesting that a number of those children could have deafness caused by intrauterine rubella.

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