A STUDY OF THE RESPIRATION AND HEATING OF DAMP WHEAT

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Larmour ◽  
J. S. Clayton ◽  
C. L. Wrenshall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Low Rate

Respiration and heating studies were made on hard red spring wheat.Estimation of the true respiration of hard red spring wheat is complicated by the respiration of fungi which develop on damp wheat. The germination and growth of fungi can be controlled effectively by toluene or carbon tetrachloride vapor. In the presence of vapor of these substances carbon dioxide production goes on at a low rate and no heating occurs in wheat of 25% moisture content. The odor of the vapor disappears in the course of air-drying.Exposure of damp wheat to carbon tetrachloride for 25 days produced no deleterious effect on the quality.

GROWING SUNFLOWERS IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
C. H. ANDERSON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Summer Fallow

Sunflower is a possible alternative crop to hard red spring wheat in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. To date, little research has been done on sunflowers in this region. A study was carried out to determine the proper row spacing at which this crop should be grown. At the same time, it was necessary to determine whether sunflowers would leave sufficient residues to protect the soil from wind erosion while encouraging overwinter snow conservation. Sunflowers were grown on summer fallow at 18-, 36- and 53-cm row spacing, with and without added P fertilizer, over a 5-yr period. Hard red spring wheat was grown for comparison. A row spacing of 36 cm produced greater sunflower yields than did row spacings of 18 or 53 cm. Fertilizer increased the yield of 18-cm spacing slightly only in wet years. Yield of wheat was 1.9–3.5 times as great as that of sunflowers. Sunflowers had no deleterious effect on the yield of a subsequent wheat crop. There was no difference between sunflowers and wheat regarding their effect on soil erosiveness or water and nitrogen use.

A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL METER FOR ESTIMATING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF GRAIN

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (5) ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
H. E. Rasmussen ◽  
J. A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Piezoelectric Plate ◽  
Crystal Oscillator ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Tuning Circuit

A simple electrical meter has been devised for estimating the moisture content of grain. It accommodates a 190 gm. sample which forms the dielectric of a condenser in the plate tuning circuit of a triode crystal oscillator. An increase in the dielectric constant due to moisture in the sample is compensated for by removing capacity from a variable condenser attached to the dial of the instrument. A piezoelectric plate determines the frequency at which the triode section of the tube will oscillate, and this state is indicated by a change in the shadow angle of the indicator section of the same tube. The meter has been calibrated with 159 samples of Canadian hard red spring wheat; the standard error of estimate was found to be 0.36 over the range from 10 to 17% moisture.

RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: I. COMPARISON OF 130 °C. AIR OVEN AND BROWN-DUVEL METHODS WITH VACUUM OVEN METHOD

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
J. W. Hopkins ◽  
W. F. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Oven Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Some 300 samples of hard red spring wheat, 50 of amber durum wheat and 75 each of oats and barley, covering the entire moisture range of commercial importance, were employed in the comparisons. Provision was made for statistical estimation of sampling errors, errors of method and errors of observation. A two-stage drying procedure was employed for the vacuum oven determinations which were taken as the reference standard. Sampling errors, average difference between identical ovens and errors due to daily fluctuations were all larger than the standard deviation of duplicates ("experimental error"), the sampling error being the largest.A comparison of the Hobart and Wiley grinders shows the latter to be superior for preparing wheat for the 130 °C. air oven determination. The air oven consistently underestimates the moisture content of all the grains tested, as compared with the vacuum oven, the deficit increasing with the actual moisture content. This systematic bias may be eliminated by means of a linear correction equation. After allowing for the observed sampling errors and errors of the vacuum oven determination, the net standard error of prediction with the air oven using a Wiley mill is, with hard red spring wheat 0.24%, with amber durum wheat 0.12%, with barley 0.20% and with oats 0.20% moisture.The Brown-Duvel method also underestimates the moisture content, this deficit also increasing with the actual moisture content in the case of spring and amber durum wheat. After applying a correction equation to eliminate the systematic bias, the net standard error of prediction of moisture by this method was found to be: with hard red spring wheat 0.16%, with durum wheat 0.09%, with barley 0.12% and with oats 0.13%. The Brown-Duvel method, therefore, when carefully operated makes possible a more consistent estimate of the actual moisture content, as determined by the vacuum oven, than does the 130 °C. air oven method. As with the vacuum oven, both the 130 °C. air oven and the Brown-Duvel appear to be subject to slight variations affecting all the determinations made on any particular day.

Respiratory activity of fungal associations in zones of heart rot and stain in sugar maple

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Good ◽  
J. T. Basham ◽  
S. D. Kadzielawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Fungal Associations

Some of the progressive changes in decay in maple trees were studied by comparing total activity of the decay community (as measured by carbon dioxide output of excised samples), water content, pH, and predominant microorganisms (as shown by isolation on malt agar) in zones selected across the pocket of decay.Four trees from which Fomes igniarius were isolated gave consistent results with alkaline pH, high moisture content, and a predominance of imperfect fungi in the zones of incipient decay. Surprisingly, these zones showed the highest rates of carbon dioxide output, though they were only slightly higher than those of the transition zones. The center, severely decayed, parts of the trees were slightly acid, appreciably drier, and contained F. igniarius in abundance. They showed only about half the rate of carbon dioxide production of the outer zones. A section of rot caused by Polyporus glomeratus corresponded in most respects to those with F. igniarius.In samples of two regions from which no basidiomycete decay fungus was isolated, the pattern was completely different. In these the pH was consistently alkaline all across the pocket, exceeding pH 9 in one central area, and was highest in the central zone. The moisture content of these two trees was very high, being highest in the central zones, and the carbon dioxide production was much higher than that of the F. igniarius decays.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TEN ELECTRICAL METERS FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT OF WHEAT

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (10) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hlynka ◽  
V. Martens ◽  
J. A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Ten electrical moisture meters were tested with 159 samples of Canadian hard red spring wheat, of Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 Northern, representing a moisture range of 11 to 17%. The two-stage vacuum oven and Brown–Duvel methods were used as bases of comparison. Regression equations, standard errors of estimate, and data on temperature effects are reported. The standard error of estimate of vacuum oven results was 0.15% for the Brown–Duvel method, 0.23% for the Tag–Heppenstall meter, and 0.28% for the Universal meter. Other meters had higher errors of estimate.

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON THE YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623
Author(s):  
J. V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
W. G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and Columbus, were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals from 45% to 15% for three growing seasons. Two drying treatments, field drying in windrows and oven drying were evaluated. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein-N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Protein-N and 1000-kernel weight were reduced when the crop was harvested above 40% and 35% KMC, respectively, but were not affected by drying method. Yield losses up to 12% were recorded with windrowing. Windrowing at 35% KMC or less in warm, dry conditions had little effect on test weight, falling numbers, and grade. Under wet conditions, windrowing above 20% KMC resulted in lower falling numbers and a loss of grade. Direct combining and artificial drying above 20% KMC lowered test weights, falling numbers and grade. The current recommendation of windrowing at 35% KMC is supported under good harvest conditions but either windrowing or straight combining at 20% KMC would be superior under damp harvest conditions.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., kernel moisture content, drying method, falling number, quality, grade

Registration of ‘Duclair’ Hard Red Spring Wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Lanning ◽  
G. R. Carlson ◽  
P. F. Lamb ◽  
D. Nash ◽  
D. M. Wichman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Hybrid Vigor in Hard Red Spring Wheat Crosses 1

Crop Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell. G. Wells ◽  
Charles L. Lay
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat
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