scholarly journals Effects of estradiol on measurements of conduit artery endothelial function after ischemia and reperfusion in premenopausal women

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1304-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Clare Luca ◽  
Andrew Liuni ◽  
Paula Harvey ◽  
Susanna Mak ◽  
John D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
First Time ◽  
Late Follicular Phase ◽  
Estradiol Levels

In premenopausal women, ovarian steroids are felt to play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess whether menstrual cycle variations in estrogen can modify the response to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in humans. In an investigator-blinded crossover study, 10 healthy premenopausal women with regular menstrual cycles were studied. They had flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) measured by ultrasound in the radial artery before and after IR (15 min of brachial artery ischemia, 15 min of reperfusion) during both the early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The order of these visits was not randomized. IR significantly blunted FMD in the early follicular phase (pre-IR: 7.1% ± 1.0%; post-IR: 3.6% ± 1.0%, P = 0.01) when estradiol levels were low (148.4 ± 19.8 pmol/L). Conversely, FMD was preserved after IR during the late follicular phase (pre-IR: 7.2% ± 0.9%; post-IR: 7.0% ± 0.8%, P = NS, P = 0.03 compared with early follicular) when estradiol levels were high (825.7 ± 85.8 pmol/L, P < 0.001 compared with early follicular). There was a significant inverse relationship between estradiol concentration and IR-induced endothelial dysfunction (i.e., change in FMD after IR) (r = 0.59, r2 = 0.36, P < 0.01). These findings demonstrate, for the first time in humans, a clear relationship between the cyclical changes in serum concentrations of estradiol and the endothelium’s response to IR.

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
W. M. HUNTER ◽  
A. S. McNEILLY ◽  
R. S. SAWERS
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

Influence of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury on Endothelial Function in Men and Women with Similar Serum Estradiol Concentrations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Lalande ◽  
Holden W. Hemingway ◽  
Caitlin P. Jarrard ◽  
Amy M. Moore ◽  
Albert H. Olivencia-Yurvati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Duplex Ultrasound ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Artery Flow

Prior data suggest that relative to the early follicular phase, women in the late follicular phase are protected against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury when estradiol concentrations are highest. In addition, endothelial I/R injury is consistently observed in men with naturally low endogenous estradiol concentrations that are similar to women in the early follicular phase. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if the vasodeleterious effect of I/R injury differs between women in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and age-matched men. We tested the hypothesis that I/R injury would attenuate endothelium-dependent vasodilation to the same extent in women and age-matched men with similar circulating estradiol concentrations. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (duplex ultrasound) in young healthy men (N = 22) and women (N = 12) before (pre-I/R) and immediately after I/R injury (post-I/R), which was induced via 20 min of arm circulatory arrest followed by 20 min reperfusion. Serum estradiol concentrations did not differ between sexes (men, 115.0 ± 33.9 pg ml-1 vs. women, 90.5 ± 40.8 pg ml-1; P = 0.2). The magnitude by which I/R injury attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation did not differ between men (pre-I/R, 5.4 ± 2.4 % vs. post-I/R 3.0 ± 2.7 %;) and women (pre-I/R, 6.1 ± 2.8 % vs. post-I/R 3.7 ± 2.7 %; P = 0.9). Our data demonstrate that I/R injury similarly reduces endothelial function in women in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and age-matched men with similar estradiol concentrations.

scholarly journals Ferritin status impact on hepcidin response to endurance exercise in physically active women along different phases of the menstrual cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
VM Alfaro Magallanes ◽  
L Barba Moreno ◽  
AB Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Response To Exercise

Serum ferritin has been proposed as a predictor of hepcidin concentrations in response to exercise. However, this fact has not been studied in physically-active women. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyse the hepcidin response at different ferritin status before and after running exercise in physically active females. Fifteen eumenorrheic women performed a 40-min running protocol at 75% of VO2peak speed in different menstrual cycle phases (early-follicular phase, mid-follicular phase and luteal phase). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, 0h post-exercise and 3h post-exercise. For statistics, participants were divided into two groups according to their pre-exercise ferritin levels (<20 and ≥20 μg/L). Through menstrual cycle, hepcidin was lower in both early follicular phase (p=0.024; 64.81±22.48 ng/ml) and mid-follicular phase (p=0.007; 64.68±23.91 ng/ml) for <20 μg/L ferritin group, in comparison with ≥20 μg/L group (81.17±27.89 and 79.54±22.72 ng/ml, respectively). Hepcidin showed no differences between both ferritin groups in either pre-exercise, 0h post-exercise and 3h post-exercise. Additionally, no association between pre-exercise ferritin and hepcidin levels 3h post-exercise (r=-0.091; p=0.554) was found. Menstrual cycle phase appears to influence hepcidin levels depending on ferritin reserves. In particular, physically-active females with depleted ferritin reserves seems to present lower hepcidin levels during the early-follicular phase and mid-follicular phase. However, no association between ferritin and hepcidin levels was found in this study. Hence, ferritin levels alone may not be a good predictor of hepcidin response to exercise in this population. Multiple factors such as sexual hormones, training loads and menstrual bleeding must be taken into account.

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

PITUITARY AND OVARIAN HORMONAL RESPONSE TO 48 h GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORRMONE (GnRH) INFUSIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferin ◽  
J. Bogumil ◽  
J. Drewes ◽  
I. Dyrenfurth ◽  
R. Jewelewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT The effects of prolonged gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) infusions on LH, FSH, oestrogens and progesterone secretion were studied in female rhesus monkeys at various times of the menstrual cycle and after castration. GnRH was infused at the rate of 15 μg/h for 48 h. This resulted in mean peripheral GnRH levels of 398 ± 31.5 pg/ml (± se) as measured by radioimmunoassay. As expected the pattern of gonadotrophin responses to GnRH varied considerably with the phase of the menstrual cycle. The largest LH increase was seen during the late follicular phase (6-fold over baseline), with a 3-fold increase during the luteal phase and a 2-fold one during the early follicular phase and in the period following the LH surge. Significant FSH increases (4-fold) were seen only during the follicular phase. Oestrogens increased about 2-fold within 4 h of the start of the infusion during the early follicular phase. In the late follicular phase and during the LH surge, they declined within 24 and 1 h, respectively. Large progesterone increases were seen only during the luteal phase. Of special interest is the fact that the increase in gonadotrophin secretion could not be maintained for the entire duration of the experiment even though GnRH continued to be infused at rates sufficient to elicit initial increases of several fold over baseline. Gonadotrophin release declined 4–28 h after the initial stimulation. A further decrease below pre-infusion control levels was particularly evident during the midcycle surge and, for FSH, after ovariectomy. These results indicate that a continuous mode of administration may rapidly induce a desensitization phenomenon at the level of the gonadotroph.

scholarly journals Soy Isoflavones Exert Modest Hormonal Effects in Premenopausal Women1

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Duncan ◽  
Barbara E. Merz ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Theodore C. Nagel ◽  
William R. Phipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Soy isoflavones are hypothesized to be responsible for changes in hormone action associated with reduced breast cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of isoflavone consumption in 14 premenopausal women. Isoflavones were consumed in soy protein powders and provided relative to body weight (control diet, 10 ± 1.1; low isoflavone diet, 64 ± 9.2; high isoflavone diet, 128 ± 16 mg/day) for three menstrual cycles plus 9 days in a randomized cross-over design. During the last 6 weeks of each diet period, plasma was collected every other day for analysis of estrogens, progesterone, LH, and FSH. Diet effects were assessed during each of four distinctly defined menstrual cycle phases. Plasma from the early follicular phase was analyzed for androgens, cortisol, thyroid hormones, insulin, PRL, and sex hormone-binding globulin. The low isoflavone diet decreased LH (P = 0.009) and FSH (P = 0.04) levels during the periovulatory phase. The high isoflavone diet decreased free T3 (P = 0.02) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P = 0.02) levels during the early follicular phase and estrone levels during the midfollicular phase (P = 0.02). No other significant changes were observed in hormone concentrations or in the length of the menstrual cycle, follicular phase, or luteal phase. Endometrial biopsies performed in the luteal phase of cycle 3 of each diet period revealed no effect of isoflavone consumption on histological dating. These data suggest that effects on plasma hormones and the menstrual cycle are not likely to be the primary mechanisms by which isoflavones may prevent cancer in premenopausal women.

The blunting of the thyrotropin response to repeated thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration is reduced by dopaminergic blockade both at normal and elevated serum levels of thyroid hormones

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Marie T. Erfurth ◽  
Robyn Attewell ◽  
L. Pavo Hedner
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Trh Test ◽  
Serum Estradiol Level ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Abstract. Fifteen premenopausal women were investigated in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with two TRH tests within an interval of 48 to 96 h. Ninety min before each TRH test either 10 mg metoclopramide or saline was injected iv in randomized order. The same procedure was repeated in the following menstrual cycle after pretreatment with T4 (0.5 mg daily for 6-14 days). At least 2 months later the same procedure was repeated with T3 pretreatment (60-120 μg for 6-8 days) in 9 of them. A multiple regression analysis was used in modelling the relationships between TSH release and serum free T3, T4 and estradiol levels, adjusting for the presence of metoclopramide and the order of the test. No correlation was found between the TSH response to TRH and the serum estradiol level. The TSH response to the second TRH test was approximately half the first one, both in the control situation and after treatment with T4 or T3. The blunting of the TSH response to the second TRH administration was significantly reduced by metoclopramide, both at normal and elevated thyroid hormone levels, suggesting that a dopaminergic mechanism takes part in the blunting.

Abstract P139: Insulin Resistance in Premenopausal Women with Type 1 Diabetes is Explained by Abdominal Obesity, Physical Inactivity and Altered Sex Hormones

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M Duca ◽  
Rachel M Sippl ◽  
Janet K Snell-Bergeon
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) lose the premenopausal protection from cardiovascular disease (CVD) that non-diabetic (non-DM) women have compared to men, and are also more insulin resistant than non-DM women. Standard CVD risk factors have not been found to adequately predict CVD in the T1D population, but insulin resistance is emerging as a potentially important risk factor. The aim of this study was to determine whether sex hormone levels such as estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT), and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) explained any of the decreased insulin sensitivity in women with T1D, which could be important in CVD prevention. This study included 25 premenopausal women 18-45 years of age with a mean ± SD age of 33 ± 8 years who completed a three stage (4, 8 and 40 mU/m2/min) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (T1D n=12 and non-DM n=13). A steady state was achieved during the last 30 minutes of the high insulin infusion stage and mean glucose infusion rate (GIR [mg/kg/FFM/min]) during this time was used as an estimate of the skeletal muscle glucose disposal rate. Sex hormones were compared using unpaired Student t tests between T1D and non-DM participants during each phase of the menstrual cycle and during the morning of the clamp.. Significant differences were explored in multivariable linear regression in which stepwise model selection was used to determine the final model adjusting for age and diabetes status. In age-adjusted analysis, women with T1D were less than half as insulin sensitive as non-DM women (least squares mean ± SE: 7.5±2.2 vs. 19.0±2.1, respectively, p=0.0014). SHBG was significantly higher in the T1D than the non-DM subjects the morning of the clamp (p<0.0001) and during each phase of the menstrual cycle (p = 0.01). TT was significantly higher in T1D women during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (p=0.02) and was negatively correlated with GIR (r = -0.54, p = 0.04). E2 during the early follicular phase was positively correlated with GIR (r = 0.83, p = 0.01). In multivariable analysis, the difference in the GIR was attenuated by 58%(1-(5.1/12.14)) (least squares mean ± SE: 10.9 ± 1.7 in T1D vs. 16.0 ± 1.5 in non-DM, p = 0.07) after adjusting for age, diabetes status, minutes of vigorous activity, average waist circumference, free estradiol index and testosterone during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle In conclusion, the decreased insulin sensitivity observed in premenopausal T1D women with regular menstrual cycles can be mostly explained by lower levels of physical activity, greater central adiposity and differences in sex hormone levels. Most of these factors are modifiable, and so could be important targets in the reduction of CVD.

scholarly journals Injury Incidence Across the Menstrual Cycle in International Footballers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Martin ◽  
Kate Timmins ◽  
Charlotte Cowie ◽  
Jon Alty ◽  
Ritan Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Tendon Injuries ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Objectives: This study aimed to assess how menstrual cycle phase and extended menstrual cycle length influence the incidence of injuries in international footballers.Methods: Over a 4-year period, injuries from England international footballers at training camps or matches were recorded, alongside self-reported information on menstrual cycle characteristics at the point of injury. Injuries in eumenorrheic players were categorized into early follicular, late follicular, or luteal phase. Frequencies were also compared between injuries recorded during the typical cycle and those that occurred after the cycle would be expected to have finished. Injury incidence rates (per 1,000 person days) and injury incidence rate ratios were calculated for each phase for all injuries and injuries stratified by type.Results: One hundred fifty-six injuries from 113 players were eligible for analysis. Injury incidence rates per 1,000 person-days were 31.9 in the follicular, 46.8 in the late follicular, and 35.4 in the luteal phase, resulting in injury incidence rate ratios of 1.47 (Late follicular:Follicular), 1.11 (Luteal:Follicular), and 0.76 (Luteal:Late follicular). Injury incident rate ratios showed that muscle and tendon injury rates were 88% greater in the late follicular phase compared to the follicular phase, with muscle rupture/tear/strain/cramps and tendon injuries/ruptures occurring over twice as often during the late follicular phase compared to other phases 20% of injuries were reported as occurring when athletes were “overdue” menses.Conclusion: Muscle and tendon injuries occurred almost twice as often in the late follicular phase compared to the early follicular or luteal phase. Injury risk may be elevated in typically eumenorrheic women in the days after their next menstruation was expected to start.

Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy-resistance exercise protocols in women

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Kraemer ◽  
S. J. Fleck ◽  
J. E. Dziados ◽  
E. A. Harman ◽  
L. J. Marchitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
In Series ◽  
Heavy Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Variables

Nine eumenorrheic women (age 24.11 +/- 4.28 yr) performed each of six randomly assigned heavy-resistance protocols (HREPs) on separate days during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The HREPs consisted of two series [series 1 (strength, S) and series 2 (hypertrophy, H)] of three protocols, each using identically ordered exercises controlled for load [5 vs. 10 repetitions maximum (RM)], rest period length (1 vs. 3 min), and total work (J) within each three-protocol series. Blood measures were determined pre-, mid- (after 4 of 8 exercises), and postexercise (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min and 24 and 48 h). In series 1, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth hormone (GH) was observed at 90 min postexercise for all three protocols. In series 2, the 10-RM protocol with 1-min rest periods (H10/1) produced significant increases above rest in GH concentrations at 0, 5, and 15 min postexercise, and the H10/1 and H5/1 protocols demonstrated significant reductions at 90 and 120 min postexercise. Cortisol demonstrated significant increases in response to the S10/3 protocol at 0 min, to the H10/1 protocol at midexercise and at 0 and 5 min postexercise, and to the H5/1 protocol at 5 and 15 min postexercise. No significant changes were observed in total insulin-like growth factor I, total testosterone, urea, or creatinine for any of the HREPs. Significant elevations in whole blood lactate and ammonia along with significant reductions in blood glucose were observed. Hormonal and metabolic blood variables measured in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle varied in response to different HREPs. The most dramatic increases above resting concentrations were observed with the H10/1 protocol, indicating that the more glycolytic HREPs may stimulate greater GH and cortisol increases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document