scholarly journals The role of mycorrhizal symbioses in phytotechnology

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Chagnon ◽  
J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fungal Associates ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding ◽  
Do So

There is a growing interest in using plants to provide low-cost ecosystem services in a diversity of environments (e.g., polluted, degraded, urban). These utilizations of plants are collectively referred to as phytotechnologies. Many plants used in phytotechnological applications are naturally found to associate with mycorrhizal fungi. These fungal associates can provide numerous ecosystem services, or help plants to do so. There is thus an obvious incentive to better understand how mycorrhizal symbioses can assist phytotechnologies. For some phytotechnological applications, the benefits of using mycorrhizal fungi seem well-established, while for others, these benefits are either uncertain or simply unexplored. In all cases, a trait-based, mechanistic understanding of what allows mycorrhizal fungi to provide any benefit/service is urgently needed. This will help to develop reliable, mycorrhiza-assisted phytotechnologies in the future, while also improving our fundamental understanding of the evolution of stress tolerance in these important plant-associated symbionts.

scholarly journals Avoiding misinterpretation of climate change projections of fish catches

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1390-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Barange
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Climate Change Projections ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fisheries Sustainability ◽  
Do So

Abstract It is common to assume that climate change impacts on future fish catches, relative to current levels of catch, are directly proportional to changes in the capacity of the ocean to produce fish. However, this would only be the case if production was optimized, which is not the case, and continues to do so in the future, which we do not know. It is more appropriate to see changes in the ocean’s productive capacity as providing an upper limit to future fish catches, but whether these catches are an increase or a decrease from present catch levels depends on management decisions now and in the future, rather than on the ocean’s productive capacity alone. Disregarding the role of management in driving current and future catches is not only incorrect but it also removes any encouragement for management agencies to improve performance. It is concluded that climate change provides one of the most powerful arguments to improve fisheries—and environmental—management, and thus fisheries sustainability globally.

scholarly journals Adaptive reprogramming during early seed germination requires temporarily enhanced fermentation a critical role for alternative oxidase (AOX) regulation that concerns also microbiota effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharadwaj Revuru ◽  
Carlos Noceda ◽  
Mohanapriya Gunasekharan ◽  
Sarma Rajeev Kumar ◽  
Karine Leitao Lima Thiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Simple Method

Plants respond to environmental cues via adaptive cell reprogramming that can affect whole plant and ecosystem functionality. Microbiota constitutes part of plants inner and outer environment. This Umwelt underlies steady dynamics, due to complex local and global biotic and abiotic changes. Hence, adaptive plant holobiont responses are crucial for continuous metabolic adjustment at systems levels. Plants require oxygen-dependent respiration for energy-dependent adaptive morphology, such as, germination, root and shoot growth, formation of adventitious, clonal and reproductive organs, fruits and seeds. Fermentative paths can help in acclimation and, to our view the role of alternative oxidase (AOX) in coordinating complex metabolic and physiologic adjustments is underestimated. Cellular level of sucrose is an important sensor of environmental stress. We explored the role of exogenous sucrose and its interplay with AOX during early seed germination. We found that sucrose-dependent initiation of fermentation during the first 12 hours after imbibition (HAI) was beneficial to germination. However, parallel enhanced AOX expression was essential to control negative effects by prolonged sucrose treatment. Early down-regulated AOX activity until 12 HAI improved germination efficiency in the absence of sucrose, but suppressed early germination in its presence. Our results also suggest that seeds-inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can buffer sucrose stress during germination to restore normal respiration more efficiently. Following this approach, we propose a simple method to identify organic seeds and low-cost on-farm perspectives for early selection on disease tolerance, predicting plant holobiont behavior and improving germination. Furthermore, our research strengthens the view that AOX can serve as powerful functional marker source for seed hologenomes.

scholarly journals The Sciences During the New Common: A Missed Opportunity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Maurits Kaptein
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Missed Opportunity ◽  
Do So

AbstractBy Wednesday, July 22, 2020, the coronavirus had killed over 611,000 people and infected over fourteen million globally. It devastated lives and will continue to do so for a long time to come; the economic consequences of the pandemic are only just starting to materialize. This makes it a challenging time to write about the new common. However, we need to start somewhere. At some point, we need to reflect on our own roles, the roles of our institutions, the importance of our economy, and the future fabric of everyday life. In this chapter, I will discuss one minor—and compared to the current crisis seemingly inconsequential—aspect of the new common: I will discuss my worry that we are on the verge of missing the opportunity to properly (re-)define the role of the sciences as we move from our old to our new common.

Implementers or Governors?

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse Gilje Østensen
Keyword(s):  
Private Security ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Private Providers ◽  
The Future ◽  
Do So ◽  
Future Management

This article explores the role of private security and military companies within the wider confinements of peace operations governance. To do so, the paper looks at the roles that pmscs play within two different us peace support initiatives as well as within un peace operations. Using theory lenses derived from the governance literature, the article finds that private military and security companies are already established actors within what it calls ‘the peace operations network’. By training forces, by building or reforming institutions, by supplying security and advisory services, or by being technological experts, private providers of military and security services carry out key tasks in the planning and implementation of peace operations. In the process, the paper argues, they ultimately exercise authority, make decisions and establish practices that often lay the foundations for the future management of security of local populations.

scholarly journals The Need of Establishment of Professional Amil Zakat to Enhance the Future Zakat Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akhyar Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Future ◽  
Professional Body ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Do So

This is basically a conceptual paper. It discusses and proposes the need of establishment of the so-called Professional Amil Zakat. The remarkable development of zakat in Muslim countries so far has to be appreciated highly. However, several things must be done, since the achievement is still far below the potential power available.Among many factors that contribute to the development of zakat is that the existence and the role of Amil Zakat. Needless to say, Zakat development will be hopeless without them. However, there is not much attention has been paid to them.The paper argues that the development of Amil Zakat will in turn enhance the successfulness of zakat practices in the future. A way to do so is by establishing the official professional body of Amil Zakat, locally, nationally, or globally. The establishment of such body is believed that it will enhance the professionalism, which finally supports the practices of Zakat. Keywords: Zakat, Amil, Assocation, Professionalism, Future Development

3 Between Stability and Change in the Law of the Sea Convention: Subsequent Practice, Treaty Modification, and Regime Interaction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buga Irina
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Law ◽  
Do So

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) contains both explicit and implicit mechanisms to deal with the changing international environment. Subsequent practice has had a significant impact on the development of the LOSC framework and will continue to do so in the future. This chapter begins by describing the process of modification by subsequent practice in general. It then explores examples of modification in the LOSC and looks at the role of subsequent practice in the process of regime interaction between the law of the sea and other regimes. It examines alternative mechanisms that facilitate informal adaptation and regime interaction in the LOSC, therefore reducing the need for modification by subsequent practice. The final section draws some conclusions regarding the evolution of the LOSC.

The Role of the Institute

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
D. H. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Continuous Service ◽  
The Future ◽  
Post War ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Do So

When, last year, you did me the honour of electing me your President you gave me the duty, and the privilege, of composing and delivering a Presidential Address. It does not lie within my abilities to make a grand survey of the present state of any great and important navigational development—such as might fittingly form the central theme of such an Address, and which has, in fact, been so admirably treated by my predecessors in this office. I have, however, been privileged to serve on the inner councils of the Institute since the earliest days of its conception, and feel that I may be in a position to take the Institute of Navigation itself as a central theme. I do so at this time particularly because the by-laws of the Institute quite rightly operate to ensure that no one person shall remain on the Council indefinitely and I must be the last to have such continuous service since the foundation. But there is a more cogent reason: the Institute was founded in the enthusiasm of the immediate post-war application of war-time navigational methods to civil use, and its precise role was deliberately left vague. It will be my object this afternoon to examine the extent to which the Institute is fulfilling its initial purpose and, on the basis of seven years' experience, how it can best play its part in the future.

scholarly journals EP.FRI.229 The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Paediatric Appendicitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lará Armstrong ◽  
Conor McGuigan ◽  
Muhammad Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Iliac Fossa ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Right Iliac Fossa Pain ◽  
Operative Ultrasound ◽  
Negative Appendicectomy ◽  
Surgical Unit ◽  
Do So

Abstract Background Acute appendicitis remains the most common acute surgical presentation among children and adults. Ultrasonography is a commonly used investigation for patients with right iliac fossa pain were the diagnosis is unclear, however in a district general hospital (DGH), appropriate radiologists are not often readily available. The aim of this study was to determine the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Methods A retrospective review was carried out of all paediatric patients (aged 5-16), who underwent an appendicectomy in a single acute surgical unit, over a 6 month period.  An institutional database and up to date electronic care records were used to record preoperative ultrasound results, intraoperative findings and histopathology results. Results A total of 59 patients were admitted with possible appendicitis within the audit window, 31 of which underwent an appendicectomy, 58% performed laparoscopically.  38.7% underwent pre- operative ultrasound, 33.3% of which identified an acutely inflamed appendix. The remaining patients who did not proceed to theatre were successfully discharged with no re-attendance following a period of observation. Following histopathological confirmation, ultrasonography was found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Negative appendicectomy rate returned at 6.7%. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a low cost, highly sensitive diagnostic tool in appendicitis, where provisions are in place to do so. Visualising the appendix on ultrasound can reduce negative pathology rates. This is a small study within a DGH and access to ultrasound is limited. Better utilisation or the development of a protected ultrasound slot should be sought.

scholarly journals Making Open Access Book Funding Work Fairly

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Eve ◽  
Tom Grady
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Library Funding ◽  
Scholarly Communications ◽  
The Future ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Library Support ◽  
Publishing Community ◽  
The Uk

In late 2020, COPIM, an Arcadia and Research England funded project, announced an innovative revenue model to sustainably fund open access (OA) monographs: Opening the Future. This initiative harnesses the power of collective library funding: increasing collections through special access to highly-regarded backlists, and expanding the global shared OA collection while providing a less risky path for smaller publishers to make frontlist monographs OA. We introduced this model at the 15th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing 2020 but this is no ‘story so far’ conference presentation proposal. Since Opening the Future launched, we’ve seen several other collective library funding models emerge in quick succession, including MIT’s Direct 2 Open, Michigan’s Fund to Mission, and Cambridge University Press’ Flip it Open. In the same year, the UK Research and Innovation’s (UKRI) new policy was announced, and it included OA requirements for monographs. The landscape is clearly changing rapidly - in this presentation we will appraise our model in the context of this changing environment. The programme has had success since its launch. Within a few months the first publisher to adopt the model, CEU Press, had accrued enough library support to fund their first three OA monographs. Soon thereafter the initiative was recognised by the publishing community and nominated for an ALPSP Award for Innovation in Publishing. And the programme is growing; a second well-respected publisher, Liverpool University Press, launched with Opening the Future in June 2021. The COPIM project has now begun to turn its focus to the thorny problem of scaling up. But herein lies a tension. OA monograph publishing needs to be sustainable not just for publishers, but also for libraries. Opening the Future was designed to be low-cost and simple, slotting into acquisitions budgets and existing library purchasing workflows. However, as we bring the programme to more university presses and libraries, how do we ensure we are not just adding another circle to the OA labyrinth that libraries are attempting to navigate? How might Opening the Future scale without increasing the administrative and decision-making burden already on collections and scholarly communications teams, who are already picking through a tangle of transformative agreements, pay-to-publish deals, author affiliations, and legacy subscriptions?  In this session, we will engage the audience through these questions, as well as discuss the role of the programme in the wider policy landscape and how it is positioned alongside other emerging OA collective funding initiatives.

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