Trichomycetes associated with insects in lotic habitats (streams) within the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.T. William ◽  
D.B. Strongman
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Site Specificity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Lotic Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

Reported from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats, trichomycetes are an ecological group of both fungi and protists that colonize the guts of insects, crustaceans, and millipedes. Lotic sites (streams, rivers) are a rich source of hosts and their trichomycetes. As part of a larger study of trichomycetes from different aquatic habitats within the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada, one stream from each of three separate watersheds was sampled for aquatic insects, and their guts were dissected and examined for microscopic trichomycetes. Over the course of 17 months, 24 species of trichomycetes were collected including the following four new species: Glotzia gemina sp. nov. R.T. William and Strongman from a mayfly (Baetidae); Stachylina tanysoma sp. nov. R.T. William and Strongman; Smittium ampliboja sp. nov. R.T. William and Strongman; and Smittium insolitum sp. nov. R.T. William and Strongman, all recovered from dipteran (Chironomidae) hosts. New continental records were established for three species including Smittium pusillum Manier & Coste and Stachylina euthena Manier & Coste, both originally described from France, and Smittium nodifixum Strongman & Shengquan Xu previously known only from China. A new regional geographical record for Pennella arctica Lichtw. & M.C. Williams is reported and 17 other species previously known from eastern Canada were recorded. Pteromaktron timberleaense R.T. William & Strongman was described by us from Timberlea, Nova Scotia, but at the time no sexual spores (zygospores) were seen. In the collections reported in this paper, zygospores were found so the original description is emended to include the zygospore features for this species. This report adds to the published data on trichomycetes from Nova Scotia that have appeared over the last 10 years and highlights the significance of long-term sampling in cataloguing the diversity of this group of insect associated microorganisms. We also present some data on seasonal variation in trichomycete occurrence and comment on site specificity in the trichomycetes we collected.

New species of Smittium and Stachylina and other trichomycetes in larval Diptera from streams in Nova Scotia, Canada 1This paper is dedicated to Jo-Ann Frost, one of the first students of these fungi in Nova Scotia, and to the numerous other undergraduates who have engaged with us in our studies of gut fungi, not only in the province, but wherever our studies have taken us.

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1204-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlin M. White ◽  
D.B. Strongman
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Species Inventory ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Protistan Species ◽  
First Time

The guts of non-predaceous invertebrates in aquatic and moist terrestrial habitats are often colonized by an ecological group of microorganisms called trichomycetes. Taxonomically, these endobionts are currently a diverse, polyphyletic assemblage including both zygomycetous fungi as well as protistan species. Trichomycetes are worldwide in distribution and are from varied habitats, but the species inventory of gut fungi from hosts in Canada is far from complete. We summarize the findings from our earliest surveys (from 1997 to 2005) and collections of candidate dipteran hosts in Nova Scotia. Nine new species of gut fungi are added to the inventory list, including the following seven Smittium spp.: Smittium aggregatum, Smittium gronthidium, Smittium papillum, Smittium pavocaudatum, Smittium radiculans, Smittium sparsum, and Smittium verticillatum, and the following two Stachylina spp.: Stachylina brevicellaris and Stachylina subgrandis. Four of the other 13 Harpellales, Pennella digitata, Smittium megazygosporum, Stachylina penetralis, and Zancudomyces culisetae are reported for the first time in Atlantic Canada. Also recorded is Paramoebidium curvum, with many more specimens of this genus from various locations and hosts included as Paramoebidium spp. only. We suggest that future collections of Diptera, to further document and discover trichomycetes, are warranted across the varied host habitats that abound not only in eastern Canada but the rest of the country as well.

New species of Spartiella and Legeriosimilis from mayflies and other arthropod-associated trichomycetes from Nova Scotia, Canada

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1195-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlin M. White ◽  
D.B. Strongman
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Unusual Feature ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Amphipod Crustacean ◽  
Freshwater Insects

The digestive tracts of non-predaceous, aquatic insects and other arthropods living in moist habitats harbour a group of fungal and protistan microorganisms known as trichomycetes or “gut fungi”. A former class of Zygomycota, “trichomycetes” now refers to an ecological group of gut microbes. This report adds to the growing inventory of gut fungi that have been described from Atlantic Canada, with two new fungal trichomycetes, Legeriosimilis hiemalis sp. nov. Strongman and M.M. White and Spartiella aurensis sp. nov. Strongman and M.M. White, both from Ephemeroptera (mayfly) nymphs. Legeriosimilis hiemalis is now the fourth of seven known species of the genus to be recorded only from Canadian sites. Spartiella aurensis displays an unusual feature, with thalli apparently able to grow from the hindgut back into the midgut of its host, a growth pattern not typically observed in other gut fungi. The potential significance of this development is discussed. Despite the focus on immature freshwater insects and their habitats, we also record a species of Orchesellaria from Collembola (springtails) and Astreptonema corophii from the amphipod crustacean Corophium volutator.

scholarly journals Trichomycetes from lentic and lotic aquatic habitats in Ontario, Canada

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 1449-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Strongman ◽  
Merlin M. White
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Arthropod Communities ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Lotic Habitats ◽  
Lotic Environments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lentic Systems

Fungi and protists make up an ecological group, trichomycetes, that inhabit the guts of invertebrates, mostly aquatic insects. Trichomycetes are reported herein from arthropods collected in lotic habitats (fast flowing streams) and lentic environments (ponds, ditches, seeps, and lakes) from 11 sites in Algonquin Park and 6 other sites in Ontario, Canada. Thirty-two trichomycete species were recovered, including 7 new species: Legeriomyces algonquinensis , Legeriosimilis leptocerci , Legeriosimilis whitneyi , and Paramoebidium umbonatum are described from mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera); Pennella digitata and Glotzia incilis from black fly and midge larvae (Diptera), respectively; and Arundinula opeongoensis from a crayfish (Crustacea). Legeriomyces rarus Lichtw. & M.C. Williams and Stachylina penetralis Lichtw. are new North American records, and seven species are documented for the first time in Canada. More common and widely distributed trichomycete species such as Harpella melusinae Léger & Duboscq and Smittium culicis Manier, were also recovered. Most previous studies on trichomycetes have been done primarily in lotic environments but clearly lentic systems (e.g., ponds and lakes) harbour diverse arthropod communities and further exploration of these habitats will continue to increase our knowledge of trichomycete diversity.

Update on the Boundaries of the Curly Birch Range

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
L.V. Vetchinnikova ◽  
◽  
A.F. Titov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Population Approach ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Karelian Birch

The article reports on the application of the best known principles for mapping natural populations of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti – one of the most appealing representatives of the forest tree flora. Relying on the synthesis and analysis of the published data amassed over nearly 100 years and the data from own full-scale studies done in the past few decades almost throughout the area where curly birch has grown naturally, it is concluded that its range outlined in the middle of the 20th century and since then hardly revised is outdated. The key factors and reasons necessitating its revision are specified. Herewith it is suggested that the range is delineated using the population approach, and the key element will be the critical population size below which the population is no longer viable in the long term. This approach implies that the boundaries of the taxon range depend on the boundaries of local populations (rather than the locations of individual trees or small clumps of trees), the size of which should not be lower than the critical value, which is supposed to be around 100–500 trees for curly birch. A schematic map of the curly birch range delineated using this approach is provided. We specially address the problem of determining the minimum population size to secure genetic diversity maintenance. The advantages of the population approach to delineating the distribution range of curly birch with regard to its biological features are highlighted. The authors argue that it enables a more accurate delineation of the range; shows the natural evolutionary history of the taxon (although it is not yet officially recognized as a species) and its range; can be relatively easily updated (e.g. depending on the scope of reintroduction); should be taken into account when working on the strategy of conservation and other actions designed to maintain and regenerate this unique representative of the forest tree flora.

scholarly journals Parenteral Nutrition and Oxidant Load in Neonates

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2631
Author(s):  
Kandeepan Karthigesu ◽  
Robert F. Bertolo ◽  
Robert J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Antioxidant Defences ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Short Term Survival

Neonates with preterm, gastrointestinal dysfunction and very low birth weights are often intolerant to oral feeding. In such infants, the provision of nutrients via parenteral nutrition (PN) becomes necessary for short-term survival, as well as long-term health. However, the elemental nutrients in PN can be a major source of oxidants due to interactions between nutrients, imbalances of anti- and pro-oxidants, and environmental conditions. Moreover, neonates fed PN are at greater risk of oxidative stress, not only from dietary sources, but also because of immature antioxidant defences. Various interventions can lower the oxidant load in PN, including the supplementation of PN with antioxidant vitamins, glutathione, additional arginine and additional cysteine; reduced levels of pro-oxidant nutrients such as iron; protection from light and oxygen; and proper storage temperature. This narrative review of published data provides insight to oxidant molecules generated in PN, nutrient sources of oxidants, and measures to minimize oxidant levels.

Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Nova Scotia, Canada wild blueberry fields: prospects for biological control

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Cutler ◽  
J.M. Renkema ◽  
C.G. Majka ◽  
J.M. Sproule
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wild Blueberries ◽  
Wild Blueberry

AbstractThe Carabidae (Coleoptera) are a diverse family of beetles with almost 300 species identified in Nova Scotia, Canada. Carabid beetle communities have been studied in several agricultural systems, but not wild blueberries, an important crop in eastern Canada. In the interest of potentially developing conservation biological control programs in wild blueberry, we collected Carabidae in crop (fruit-bearing) and sprout (vegetative) blueberry fields in Nova Scotia in order to assess species diversity and abundance over space and time. Over 3200 specimens were collected, representing 51 species. A large portion of collected specimens (39%) were nonnative, and the most abundant species were generally predacious and synanthropic. Species diversity tended to be higher near forest edges than further into fields, but not for all abundant species. Several of the most prominent predators showed significant differences in preference of crop versus sprout fields, distribution throughout fields, and seasonable abundance. These findings have implications for conservation biological control efforts with carabid beetles against several insect pests in wild blueberry.

Psychotic disorders in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV: a UK case series

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
I. Mallik ◽  
T. Pasvol ◽  
G. Frize ◽  
S. Ayres ◽  
A. Barrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Psychotic Episode ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Perinatally Acquired

Abstract Background Increasing numbers of children with perinatally acquired HIV (PaHIV) are transitioning into adult care. People living with behaviourally acquired HIV are known to be at more risk of psychosis than uninfected peers. Young adults living with PaHIV face numerous risk factors; biological: lifelong exposure to a neurotrophic virus, antiretroviral medication and immune dysfunction during brain development, and environmental; social deprivation, ethnicity-related discrimination, and migration-related issues. To date, there is little published data on the prevalence of psychotic illness in young people growing up with PaHIV. Methods We conducted a retrospective case note review of all individuals with PaHIV aged over 18 years registered for follow up at a dedicated clinic in the UK (n = 184). Results In total, 12/184 (6.5%), median age 23 years (interquartile range 21–26), had experienced at least one psychotic episode. The presentation and course of the psychotic episodes experienced by our cohort varied from short-lived symptoms to long term illness and nine (75%) appear to have developed a severe and enduring mental illness requiring long term care. Conclusion The prevalence of psychosis in our cohort was clearly above the lifetime prevalence of psychosis in UK individuals aged 16–34 years, which has been reported to be 0.5–1.0%. This highlights the importance of clinical vigilance regarding the mental health of young people growing up with PaHIV and the need to integrate direct access to mental health services within the HIV centres providing medical care.

Influence of agricultural management on soil organic carbon: A compendium and assessment of Canadian studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VandenBygaart ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
D. A. Angers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Soc Stocks ◽  
Long Term Studies

To fulfill commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, Canada is required to provide verifiable estimates and uncertainties for soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and for changes in those stocks over time. Estimates and uncertainties for agricultural soils can be derived from long-term studies that have measured differences in SOC between different management practices. We compiled published data from long-term studies in Canada to assess the effect of agricultural management on SOC. A total of 62 studies were compiled, in which the difference in SOC was determined for conversion from native land to cropland, and for different tillage, crop rotation and fertilizer management practices. There was a loss of 24 ± 6% of the SOC after native land was converted to agricultural land. No-till (NT) increased the storage of SOC in western Canada by 2.9 ± 1.3 Mg ha-1; however, in eastern Canada conversion to NT did not increase SOC. In general, the potential to store SOC when NT was adopted decreased with increasing background levels of SOC. Using no-tillage, reducing summer fallow, including hay in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), plowing green manures into the soil, and applying N and organic fertilizers were the practices that tended to show the most consistent in creases in SOC storage. By relating treatment SOC levels to those in the control treatments, SOC stock change factors and their levels of uncertainty were derived for use in empirical models, such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Guidelines model for C stock changes. However, we must be careful when attempting to extrapolate research plot data to farmers’ fields since the history of soil and crop management has a significant influence on existing and future SOC stocks. Key words: C sequestration, tillage, crop rotations, fertilizer, cropping intensity, Canada

scholarly journals Long-term follow-up after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in 182 cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. E258-E262
Author(s):  
Christian Suchy ◽  
Moritz Berger ◽  
Ingo Steinbrück ◽  
Tsuneo Oyama ◽  
Naohisa Yahagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
En Bloc Resection ◽  
Bloc Resection ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Background and study aims We previously reported a case series of our first 182 colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissections (ESDs). In the initial series, 155 ESDs had been technically feasible, with 137 en bloc resections and 97 en bloc resections with free margins (R0). Here, we present long-term follow-up data, with particular emphasis on cases where either en bloc resection was not achieved or en bloc resection resulted in positive margins (R1). Patients and methods Between September 2012 and October 2015, we performed 182 consecutive ESD procedures in 178 patients (median size 41.0 ± 17.4 mm; localization rectum vs. proximal rectum 63 vs. 119). Data on follow-up were obtained from our endoscopy database and from referring physicians. Results Of the initial cohort, 11 patients underwent surgery; follow-up data were available for 141 of the remaining 171 cases (82,5 %) with a median follow-up of 2.43 years (range 0.15–6.53). Recurrent adenoma was observed in 8 patients (n = 2 after margin positive en bloc ESD; n = 6 after fragmented resection). Recurrence rates were lower after en bloc resection, irrespective of involved margins (1.8 vs. 18,2 %; P < 0.01). All recurrences were low-grade adenomas and could be managed endoscopically. Conclusions The rate of recurrence is low after en bloc ESD, in particular if a one-piece resection can be achieved. Recurrence after fragmented resection is comparable to published data on piecemeal mucosal resection.

Long-term Aptian marine osmium isotopic record of Ontong Java Nui activity

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironao Matsumoto ◽  
Rodolfo Coccioni ◽  
Fabrizio Frontalini ◽  
Kotaro Shirai ◽  
Luigi Jovane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Oceanic Plateaus ◽  
Carbon Burial ◽  
Organic Carbon Burial ◽  
Isotopic Records

The early to mid-Aptian was punctuated by episodic phases of organic-carbon burial in various oceanographic settings, which are possibly related to massive volcanism associated with the emplacement of the Ontong Java, Manihiki, and Hikurangi oceanic plateaus in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, inferred to have formed a single plateau called Ontong Java Nui. Sedimentary osmium (Os) isotopic compositions are one of the best proxies for determining the timing of voluminous submarine volcanic episodes. However, available Os isotopic records during the age are limited to a narrow interval in the earliest Aptian, which is insufficient for the reconstruction of long-term hydrothermal activity. We document the early to mid-Aptian Os isotopic record using pelagic Tethyan sediments deposited in the Poggio le Guaine (Umbria-Marche Basin, Italy) to precisely constrain the timing of massive volcanic episodes and to assess their impact on the marine environment. Our new Os isotopic data reveal three shifts to unradiogenic values, two of which correspond to black shale horizons in the lower to mid-Aptian, namely the Wezel (herein named) and Fallot Levels. These Os isotopic excursions are ascribed to massive inputs of unradiogenic Os to the ocean through hydrothermal activity. Combining the new Os isotopic record with published data from the lowermost Aptian organic-rich interval in the Gorgo a Cerbara section of the Umbria-Marche Basin, it can be inferred that Ontong Java Nui volcanic eruptions persisted for ~5 m.y. during the early to mid-Aptian.

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